Programming

<p style="MARGIN: 0px">Preface xxv</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 0: Notes to the Reader 1</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">0.1 The structure of this book 2</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">0.2 A philosophy of teaching and learning 6</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">0.3 Programming and computer science 12</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">0.4 Creativity and problem solving 12</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">0.5 Request for feedback 12</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">0.6 References 13</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">0.7 Biographies 13</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 1: Computers, People, and Programming 17</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">1.1 Introduction 18</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">1.2 Software 19</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">1.3 People 21</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">1.4 Computer science 24</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">1.5 Computers are everywhere 25</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">1.6 Ideals for programmers 34</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Part I: The Basics 41</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 2: Hello, World! 43</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.1 Programs 44</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.2 The classic first program 45</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.3 Compilation 47</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.4 Linking 51</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.5 Programming environments 52</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 3: Objects, Types, and Values 59</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.1 Input 60</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.2 Variables 62</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.3 Input and type 64</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.4 Operations and operators 66</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.5 Assignment and initialization 69</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.6 Composite assignment operators 73</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.7 Names 74</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.8 Types and objects 77</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.9 Type safety 78</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 4: Computation 89</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.1 Computation 90</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.2 Objectives and tools 92</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.3 Expressions 94</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.4 Statements 100</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.4.1 Selection 102</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.4.2 Iteration 109</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.5 Functions 113</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.6 vector 117</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.7 Language features 125</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 5: Errors 133</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.1 Introduction 134</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.2 Sources of errors 136</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.3 Compile-time errors 136</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.4 Link-time errors 139</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.5 Run-time errors 140</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.6 Exceptions 146</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.7 Logic errors 154</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.8 Estimation 157</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.9 Debugging 158</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.10 Pre- and post-conditions 163</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.11 Testing 166</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 6: Writing a Program 173</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.1 A problem 174</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.2 Thinking about the problem 175</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.3 Back to the calculator! 178</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.4 Grammars 188</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5 Turning a grammar into code 195</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.6 Trying the first version 203</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.7 Trying the second version 208</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.8 Token streams 209</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.9 Program structure 215</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 7: Completing a Program 221</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.1 Introduction 222</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.2 Input and output 222</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.3 Error handling 224</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.4 Negative numbers 229</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.5 Remainder: % 230</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.6 Cleaning up the code 232</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.7 Recovering from errors 239</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.8 Variables 242</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 8: Technicalities: Functions, etc. 255</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.1 Technicalities 256</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.2 Declarations and definitions 257</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.3 Header files 264</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.4 Scope 266</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.5 Function call and return 272</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.6 Order of evaluation 291</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.7 Namespaces 294</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 9: Technicalities: Classes, etc. 303</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.1 User-defined types 304</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.2 Classes and members 305</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.3 Interface and implementation 306</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.4 Evolving a class 308</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.5 Enumerations 318</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.6 Operator overloading 321</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.7 Class interfaces 323</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.8 The Date class 334</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Part II Input and Output 343</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 10: Input and Output Streams 345</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.1 Input and output 346</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.2 The I/O stream model 347</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.3 Files 349</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.4 Opening a file 350</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.5 Reading and writing a file 352</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.6 I/O error handling 354</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.7 Reading a single value 358</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.8 User-defined output operators 363</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.9 User-defined input operators 365</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.10 A standard input loop 365</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.11 Reading a structured file 367</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 11: Customizing Input and Output 379</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.1 Regularity and irregularity 380</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.2 Output formatting 380</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.3 File opening and positioning 388</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.4 String streams 394</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.5 Line-oriented input 395</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.6 Character classification 396</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.7 Using nonstandard separators 398</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.8 And there is so much more 406</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 12: A Display Model 411</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.1 Why graphics? 412</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.2 A display model 413</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.3 A first example 414</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.4 Using a GUI library 418</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.5 Coordinates 419</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.6 Shapes 420</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.7 Using Shape primitives 421</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.8 Getting this to run 435</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 13: Graphics Classes 441</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.1 Overview of graphics classes 442</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.2 Point and Line 444</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.3 Lines 447</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.4 Color 450</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5 Line_style 452</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.6 Open_polyline 455</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.7 Closed_polyline 456</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.8 Polygon 458</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.9 Rectangle 460</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.10 Managing unnamed objects 465</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.11 Text 467</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.12 Circle 470</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.13 Ellipse 472</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.14 Marked_polyline 474</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.15 Marks 476</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.16 Mark 478</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.17 Images 479</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 14: Graphics Class Design 487</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">14.1 Design principles 488</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">14.2 Shape 493</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">14.3 Base and derived classes 504</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">14.4 Benefits of object-oriented programming 513</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 15: Graphing Functions and Data 519</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">15.1 Introduction 520</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">15.2 Graphing simple functions 520</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">15.3 Function 524</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">15.4 Axis 529</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">15.5 Approximation 532</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">15.6 Graphing data 537</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 16: Graphical User Interfaces 551</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">16.1 User interface alternatives 552</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">16.2 The “Next” button 553</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">16.3 A simple window 554</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">16.4 Button and other Widgets 561</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">16.5 An example 565</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">16.6 Control inversion 569</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">16.7 Adding a menu 570</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">16.8 Debugging GUI code 575</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Part III: Data and Algorithms 581</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 17: Vector and Free Store 583</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">17.1 Introduction 584</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">17.2 vector basics 586</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">17.3 Memory, addresses, and pointers 588</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">17.4 Free store and pointers 591</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">17.5 Destructors 601</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">17.6 Access to elements 605</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">17.7 Pointers to class objects 606</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">17.8 Messing with types: void* and casts 608</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">17.9 Pointers and references 610</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">17.10 The this pointer 618</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 18: Vectors and Arrays 627</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">18.1 Introduction 628</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">18.2 Initialization 629</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">18.3 Copying 631</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">18.4 Essential operations 640</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">18.5 Access to vector elements 646</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">18.5.1 Overloading on const 647</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">18.6 Arrays 648</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">18.7 Examples: palindrome 659</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 19: Vector, Templates, and Exceptions 667</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">19.1 The problems 668</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">19.2 Changing size 671</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">19.3 Templates 678</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">19.4 Range checking and exceptions 693</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">19.5 Resources and exceptions 697</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 20: Containers and Iterators 711</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">20.1 Storing and processing data 712</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">20.2 STL ideals 717</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">20.3 Sequences and iterators 720</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">20.4 Linked lists 724</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">20.5 Generalizing vector yet again 729</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">20.6 An example: a simple text editor 734</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">20.7 vector, list, and string 741</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">20.8 Adapting our vector to the STL 745</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">20.9 Adapting built-in arrays to the STL 747</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">20.10 Container overview 749</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 21: Algorithms and Maps 757</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">21.1 Standard library algorithms 758</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">21.2 The simplest algorithm: find() 759</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">21.3 The general search: find_if() 763</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">21.4 Function objects 765</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">21.5 Numerical algorithms 770</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">21.6 Associative containers 776</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">21.7 Copying 789</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">21.8 Sorting and searching 794</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">21.9 Container algorithms 797</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Part IV: Broadening the View 803</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 22: Ideals and History 805</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">22.1 History, ideals, and professionalism 806</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">22.2 Programming language history overview 818</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 23: Text Manipulation 849</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">23.1 Text 850</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">23.2 Strings 850</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">23.3 I/O streams 855</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">23.4 Maps 855</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">23.5 A problem 864</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">23.6 The idea of regular expressions 866</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">23.7 Searching with regular expressions 869</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">23.8 Regular expression syntax 872</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">23.9 Matching with regular expressions 880</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">23.10 References 885</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 24: Numerics 889</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">24.1 Introduction 890</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">24.2 Size, precision, and overflow 890</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">24.3 Arrays 895</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">24.4 C-style multidimensional arrays 896</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">24.5 The Matrix library 897</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">24.6 An example: solving linear equations 908</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">24.7 Random numbers 914</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">24.8 The standard mathematical functions 917</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">24.9 Complex numbers 919</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">24.10 References 920</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 25: Embedded Systems Programming 925</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">25.1 Embedded systems 926</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">25.2 Basic concepts 929</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">25.3 Memory management 935</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">25.4 Addresses, pointers, and arrays 943</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">25.5 Bits, bytes, and words 954</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">25.6 Coding standards 974</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 26: Testing 989</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">26.1 What we want 990</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">26.2 Proofs 992</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">26.3 Testing 992</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">26.4 Design for testing 1011</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">26.5 Debugging 1012</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">26.6 Performance 1012</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">26.7 References 1016</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chapter 27: The C Programming Language 1021</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">27.1 C and C++: siblings 1022</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">27.2 Functions 1028</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">27.3 Minor language differences 1036</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">27.4 Free store 1043</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">27.5 C-style strings 1045</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">27.6 Input/output: stdio 1050</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">27.7 Constants and macros 1054</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">27.8 Macros 1055</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">27.9 An example: intrusive containers 1059</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Part V: Appendices 1071</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Appendix A: Language Summary 1073</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">A.1 General 1074</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">A.2 Literals 1077</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">A.3 Identifiers 1081</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">A.4 Scope, storage class, and lifetime 1082</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">A.5 Expressions 1086</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">A.6 Statements 1096</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">A.7 Declarations 1098</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">A.8 Built-in types 1099</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">A.9 Functions 1103</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">A.10 User-defined types 1106</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">A.11 Enumerations 1107</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">A.12 Classes 1108</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">A.13 Templates 1121</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">A.14 Exceptions 1125</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">A.15 Namespaces 1127</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">A.16 Aliases 1128</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">A.17 Preprocessor directives 1128</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Appendix B: Standard Library Summary 1131</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">B.1 Overview 1132</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">B.2 Error handling 1137</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">B.3 Iterators 1139</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">B.4 Containers 1144</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">B.5 Algorithms 1152</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">B.6 STL utilities 1162</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">B.7 I/O streams 1168</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">B.8 String manipulation 1175</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">B.9 Numerics 1180</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">B.10 Time 1185</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">B.11 C standard library functions 1185</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">B.12 Other libraries 1195</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Appendix C: Getting Started with Visual Studio 1197</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">C.1 Getting a program to run 1198</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">C.2 Installing Visual Studio 1198</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">C.3 Creating and running a program 1199</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">C.4 Later 1201</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Appendix D: Installing FLTK 1203</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">D.1 Introduction 1204</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">D.2 Downloading FLTK 1204</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">D.3 Installing FLTK 1205</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">D.4 Using FLTK in Visual Studio 1205</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">D.5 Testing if it all worked 1206</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Appendix E: GUI Implementation 1207</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">E.1 Callback implementation 1208</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">E.2 Widget implementation 1209</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">E.3 Window implementation 1210</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">E.4 Vector_ref 1212</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">E.5 An example: manipulating Widgets 1213</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Glossary 1217</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Bibliography 1223</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Index 1227</p>