Key Readings in Criminology

General Introduction

1 Understanding Crime and Criminology
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
1.1 What is crime? Paul Tappan
1.2 Conceptions of deviance, official data and deviants Steven Box
1.3 The construction and deconstruction of crime John Muncie
1.4 A suitable amount of crime Nils Christie

2 Crime and punishment in history
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
2.1 Execution and the English people Vic Gatrell
2.2 Eighteenth-century punishment Michael Ignatieff
2.3 Prosecutors and the courts Clive Emsley
2.4 Police and people: the birth of Mr Peel's blue locusts Michael Ignatieff
2.5The London Garotting Panic of 1862: a moral panic and the creation of a criminal class in mid-Victorian England Jennifer Davis

3 Crime data and crime trends
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
3.1 The social construction of official statistics on criminal deviance Steven Box
3.2 A note on the use of official statistics John Kitsuse and Aaron Cicourel
3.3 The origins of the British Crime Survey Mike Hough, Mike Maxfield, B. Morris and J Simmons
3.4 Unravelling recent crime patterns and trends Robert Reiner

4 Crime and the media
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
4.1 What makes crime 'news'? Jack Katz
4.2 The media politics of crime and criminal justice Philip Schlesinger, H..Tumber, and G. Murdock
4.3 On the continuing problem of media effects Sonia Livingstone
4.4 The sociology of moral panics Stan Cohen

5 Classicism and positivism
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
5.1 On Crimes and Punishments Cesare Beccaria
5.2 The female born criminal Cesare Lombroso
5.3 The positive school of criminology Enrico Ferri

6 Biological positivism
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
6.1 Criminal anthropology in the United States Nicola Rafter
6.2 The increasing appropriation of genetic explanations Troy Duster
6.3 Biosocial studies of antisocial and violent behaviour in children and adults
Adrian Raine
6.4 Evolutionary psychology and crime Satoshi Kanazawa

7 Psychological positivism
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
7.1 Differential association E. Sutherland and D.Cressey
7.2 Social structure and social learning Ron Akers
7.3 Crime as choice James Q. Wilson and Richard Herrnstein
7.4 The link between cognitive ability and criminal behaviour Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray

8 Durkheim, anomie and strain
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
8.1 The normal and the pathological Emile Durkheim
8.2 Social structure and anomie Robert Merton
8.3 Why do individuals engage in crime? Robert Agnew
8.4 Crime and the American Dream: an institutional analyssis Richard Rosenfield and Steven Messner
8.5 The Vertigo of Late Modernity Jock Young

9 The Chicago School, culture and subcultures
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
9.1 Juvenile delinquency and urban areas Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
9.2 Delinquent Boys: The culture of the gang Al Cohen
9.3 Subcultural conflict and working-class community Phil Cohen
9.4 Subcultures, cultures and class John Clarke, Stuart Hall, Tony Jefferson and B. Roberts
9.5 Cultural criminology Jeff Ferrell

10 Interactionism and labelling theory
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
10.1 Primary and secondary deviation Edwin Lemert
10.2 Notes on the sociology of deviance Kai Eriksen
10.3 Outsiders Howard Becker
10.4 Misunderstanding labelling perspectives Ken Plummer
10.5 The social reaction against drugtaking Jock Young

11 Control theories
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
11.1 Techniques of neutralization: a theory of delinquency Gresham Sykes and David Matza
11.2 A control theory of delinquency Travis Hirschi
11.3 A General Theory of Crime Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi
11.4 Charles Tittle's Control Balance and criminological theory John Braithwaite

12 Radical and critical criminology
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
12.1 Toward a political economy of crime William Chambliss
12.2 The theoretical and political priorities of critical criminology Phil Scraton and Kathryn Chadwick
12.3 Radical criminology in Britain Jock Young
12.4 Abolitionism and crime control Willem de Haan

13 Left and Right Realism
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
13.1 Reflections on realism Roger Matthews and Jock Young
13.2 The failure of criminology: the need for a radical realism Jock Young
13.3 The Emerging Underclass Charles Murray
13.4 Broken windows James Q. Wilson and George Kelling

14 Contemporary classicism
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
14.1 The new criminologies of everyday life David Garland
14.2 'Situational' crime prevention: theory and practice Ron Clarke
14.3 Opportunity makes the thief: practical theory for crime prevention
Marcus Felsen and Ron Clarke
14.4 Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activity approach
Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felsen

15 Feminist criminology
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
15.1 The etiology of female crime Dorie Klein
15.2 Girls, crime and woman's place: toward a feminist model of female delinquency
Meda Chesney-Lind
15.3 Feminism and criminology Kathleen Daly and Meda Chesney-Lind
15.4 Feminist approaches to criminology or postmodern woman meets atavistic man
Carol Smart

16 Late modernity, governmentality and risk
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
16.1 The new penology: notes on the emerging strategy for corrections
Malcolm Feeley and Jonathan Simon
16.2 Actuarialism and the risk society Jock Young
16.3 Risk, power and crime prevention Pat O'Malley
16.4 'Say Cheese!' The Disney order that is not so Mickey Mouse Clifford Shearing and Philip Stenning

17 Victims, victimization and victimology
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
17.1 On Becoming a Victim Paul Rock
17.2 Fiefs and peasants: accomplishing change for victims in the criminal justice system Joanna Shapland
17.3 Violence against women and children: the contradictions of crime control under patriarchy Jill Radford and Betsy Stanko
17.4 Multiple victimization: its extent and significance
Graham Farrell

18 White-collar and corporate crime
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
18.1 The problem of white-collar crime Edwin Sutherland
18.2 Who is the criminal? Paul Tappan
18.3 Defining white-collar crime David Friedrichs
18.4 Iraq and Halliburton Dawn Rothe

19 Organised crime
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
19.1 Organised crime: the structural skeleton Donald Cressey
19.2 Fishy business: The mafia and the Fulton Fish Market James Jacobs
19.3 The crime network William Chambliss
19.4 The Profession of Violence: the Krays John Pearson
19.5 Perspectives on 'Organised Crime' Mike Levi

20 Violent and property crime
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
20.1 The social organization of burglary Neil Shover
20.2 American lethal violence Franklin Zimring and Gordon Hawkins
20.3 Modernization, self-control and lethal violence Manuel Eisner
20.4 Racial harassment and the process of victimization Ben Bowling

21 Drugs and alcohol
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
21.1 Booze, the urban night, and the human ecology of violence Dick Hobbs, Phil Hadfield, Stuart Lister and Simon Winlow
21.2 Heroin use and street crime James Inciardi
21.3 Drug prohibition in the United States: costs, consequences and alternatives
Ethan Nadelmann
21.4 The war on drugs and the African-American community Mark Mauer

22 Penology and punishment
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
22.1 The body of the condemned Michel Foucault
22.2 What works? Questions and answers about prison reform Robert Martinson
22.3 Censure and proportionality Andrew von Hirsch
22.4 The largest penal experiment in American history Franklin Zimring , Gordon Hawkins and Sam Kamin

23 Understanding criminal justice
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
23.1 Two models of the criminal process Herbert Packer
23.2Models of justice: Portia or Persephone? Some thoughts on equality,fairness and gender in the field of criminal justice Frances Heidensohn
23.3 The antecedents of compliant behaviour Tom Tyler
23.4 Defiance, deterrence and irrelevance: a theory of the criminal sanction
Lawrence Sherman

24 Crime prevention and community safety
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
24.1 A conceptual model of crime prevention Paul Brantingham and Frederic Faust
24.2 The British Gas suicide story and its criminological implications Ron Clarke and Pat Mayhew
24.3 Neighbourhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy
Robert Sampson, Stephen Raudenbusch and Felten Earls
24.4 The uses of sidewalks: safety Jane Jacobs

25 The police and policing
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
25.1 What do the police do? David Bayley
25.2 A sketch of the policeman's working personality Jerome Skolnick
25.3 The rhetoric of community policing Carl Klockars
25.4 The future of policing David Bayley and Clifford Shearing

26 Criminal courts and the court process
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
26.1 Conditions of successful degradation ceremonies Harold Garfinkel
26.2 Materials of control Pat Carlen
26.3 The adversarial system Paul Rock
26.4 Understanding law enforcement Doreen McBarnett

27 Sentencing and non-custodial penalties
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
27.1 Crime, inequality and sentencing Pat Carlen
27.2 The punitive city: notes on the dispersal of social control Stan Cohen
27.3 The dispersal of discipline thesis Anthony Bottoms
27.4 Understanding the growth of the prison population in England and Wales
Andrew Millie, Jessica Jacobson and Mike Hough

28 Prisons and imprisonment
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
28.1 The 'disciplinary' origins of the prison David Garland
28.2 Prisons and the contested nature of punishment Richard Sparks
28.3 The inmate world Erving Goffman
28.4 Women in prison: the facts Pat Carlen and Anne Worrall

29 Youth crime and youth justice
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
29.1 Present tense: moderates and hooligans Geoffrey Pearson
29.2 The coming of the super-predators John Dilulio
29.3 Penal custody: intolerance, irrationality and indifference Barry Goldson
29.4 Comparative youth justice Michael Cavadino and James Dignan

30 Restorative justice
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
30.1 Conflicts as property Nils Christie
30.2 Restorative justice: an overview Tony Marshall
30.3 Responsibilities, rights and restorative justice Andrew Ashworth
30.4 Critiquing the critics: a brief response to critics of restorative justice
Allison Morris

31 Race, crime and justice
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
31.1 The racism of criminalization: police and the reproduction of the criminal other
Tony Jefferson
31.2 From Scarman to Stephen Lawrence Stuart Hall
31.3 In proportion: race, and police stop and search P.A.J. Waddington, Kevin Stenson and David Don
31.4 Deadly symbiosis: when ghetto and prison meet and mesh Loic Wacquant

32 Gender, crime and justice
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
32.1 Women and criminal justice: saying it again, again and again Loraine Gelsthorpe
32.2 The woman of legal discourse Carol Smart
32.3 Women and social control Frances Heidensohn
32.4 Common sense, routine precaution and normal violence Betsy Stanko
32.5 Hegemonic and subordinated masculinities James Messerschmidt

33 Criminal and forensic psychology
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
33.1 Individual factors in offending David Farrington and Brandon Welsh
33.2 Adolescent-limited and life-course persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy Terrie Moffitt
33.3 A sociogenic developmental theory of offending Robert Sampson and John Laub

34 Globalisation, terrorism and human rights
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
34.1 Crime Control as Industry Nils Christie
34.2 Human rights and crimes of the state: the culture of denial Stan Cohen
34.3 The new regulatory state and the transformation of criminology John Braithwaite
34.4 Criminal justice and political cultures Tim Newburn and Richard Sparks

35 Doing Criminological Research
Introduction
Key concepts and questions for discussion
35.1 The relationship between theory and empirical observations in criminology
Anthony Bottoms
35.2 The fieldwork approach Howard Parker
35.3 A snowball's chance in hell: doing fieldwork with active residential burglars
Richard Wright, Scott Decker, Allison Redfern and Dietrich Smith
35.4 Doing research in prison: breaking the silence? Allison Liebling
35.5 Feminist methodologies in criminology: a new approach or old wine in new bottles? Loraine Gelsthorpe
35.6 Writing: the problem of getting started Howard Becker