Linear Algebra

1. Sets and Maps.- 1.1 Sets.- 1.2 Maps.- 1.3 Test.- 1.4 Remarks on the Literature.- 1.5 Exercises.- 2. Vector Spaces.- 2.1 Real Vector Spaces.- 2.2 Complex Numbers and Complex Vector Spaces.- 2.3 Vector Subspaces.- 2.4 Test.- 2.5 Fields.- 2.6 What Are Vectors?.- 2.7 Complex Numbers 400 Years Ago.- 2.8 Remarks on the Literature.- 2.9 Exercises.- 3. Dimension.- 3.1 Linear Independence.- 3.2 The Concept of Dimension.- 3.3 Test.- 3.4 Proof of the Basis Extension Theorem and the Exchange Lemma.- 3.5 The Vector Product.- 3.6 The “Steinitz Exchange Theorem”.- 3.7 Exercises.- 4. Linear Maps.- 4.1 Linear Maps.- 4.2 Matrices.- 4.3 Test.- 4.4 Quotient Spaces.- 4.5 Rotations and Reflections in the Plane.- 4.6 Historical Aside.- 4.7 Exercises.- 5. Matrix Calculus.- 5.1 Multiplication.- 5.2 The Rank of a Matrix.- 5.3 Elementary Transformations.- 5.4 Test.- 5.5 How Does One Invert a Matrix?.- 5.6 Rotations and Reflections (continued).- 5.7 Historical Aside.- 5.8 Exercises.- 6. Determinants.- 6.1 Determinants.- 6.2 Determination of Determinants.- 6.3 The Determinant of the Transposed Matrix.- 6.4 Determinantal Formula for the Inverse Matrix.- 6.5 Determinants and Matrix Products.- 6.6 Test.- 6.7 Determinant of an Endomorphism.- 6.8 The Leibniz Formula.- 6.9 Historical Aside.- 6.10 Exercises.- 7. Systems of Linear Equations.- 7.1 Systems of Linear Equations.- 7.2 Cramer’s Rule.- 7.3 Gaussian Elimination.- 7.4 Test.- 7.5 More on Systems of Linear Equations.- 7.6 Captured on Camera!.- 7.7 Historical Aside.- 7.8 Remarks on the Literature.- 7.9 Exercises.- 8. Euclidean Vector Spaces.- 8.1 Inner Products.- 8.2 Orthogonal Vectors.- 8.3 Orthogonal Maps.- 8.4 Groups.- 8.5 Test.- 8.6 Remarks on the Literature.- 8.7 Exercises.- 9. Eigenvalues.- 9.1 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors.- 9.2 The Characteristic Polynomial.- 9.3 Test.- 9.4 Polynomials.- 9.5 Exercises.- 10. The Principal Axes Transformation.- 10.1 Self-Adjoint Endomorphisms.- 10.2 Symmetric Matrices.- 10.3 The Principal Axes Transformation for Self-Adjoint Endomorphisms.- 10.4 Test.- 10.5 Exercises.- 11. Classification of Matrices.- 11.1 What Is Meant by “Classification”?.- 11.2 The Rank Theorem.- 11.3 The Jordan Normal Form.- 11.4 More on the Principal Axes Transformation.- 11.5 The Sylvester Inertia Theorem.- 11.6 Test.- 11.7 Exercises.- 12. Answers to the Tests.- References.