The Science of Programming

Part 0. Why Use Logic? Why Prove Programs Correct?; Part 1. 1. Propositions; 2. Reasoning Using Equivalence Transformations; 3. A Natural Deduction System; 4. Predicates; 5. Notations and Conventions for Arrays; 6. Using Assertions to Document Programs; Part2. The Semantics of a Small Language; 7. The Predicate Transformer wp; 8. The Commands Skip, Abort and Composition; 9. The Assignment Command; 10. The Alternative Command; 12. Procedure Call; 11. The Iterative Command; 12. Procedure Call; Part 3. The Development of Programs; 13. Introduction; 14. Programming as a Goal-Oriented Activity; 15. Developing Loops From Invariants and Bounds; 16. Developing Invariants; 17. Notes on Bound Functions; 18. Using Iteration Instead of Recursion; 19. Efficiency Considerations; 20. Two Larger Examples of Program Development; 21. Inverting Programs; 22. Notes on Documentation; 23. Historical Notes; Appendix 1-4; Answers to Exercises; References; Index