Introduction to Diseases, Diagnosis, and Management of Dogs and Cats

Meer over Tanmoy Rana

Tanmoy Rana

Introduction to Diseases, Diagnosis, and Management of Dogs and Cats

Name: Introduction to Diseases, Diagnosis, and Management of Dogs and Cats
Author: Tanmoy Rana

Paperback Engels 2023 9780443185489

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Introduction to Diseases, Diagnosis, and Management of Dogs and Cats offers an informative and practical resource for an in-depth understanding of the full range of clinical and infectious diseases that occur in dogs and cats. It provides systematic coverage on the pathogenesis of disease, disease manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, therapeutic management, and prevention.

Organized into three main sections, the book begins with an overall introduction and general discussion on the diagnosis and management of clinical and infectious diseases. This section examines the biological systems of dogs and cats, covers clinical examinations and diagnosis methods, specimen collection, nutritional strategies, and health maintenance. Section 2 goes on to discuss a range of clinical diseases that can affect the health of dogs and cats which includes diseases that impact major systems in the body like the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, reproductive, endocrine, nervous, and urinary systems to name a few. It also delves into autoimmune conditions, behavioral orders, and common toxicological phenomenon that occur in dogs and cats and offers strategies for pain management and therapeutic drug intervention. Section 3 rounds out the book with coverage of bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic infectious diseases. It explains the pathogenesis of disease, evaluation of the disease, identification of the pathogens and their severity to animals, disease manifestation in the animal, and preventive and treatment strategies to counteract the etiopathogenesis caused by several types of pathogens.

With contributions from experts in the field, Introduction to Diseases, Diagnosis, and Management of Dogs and Cats features the latest advanced veterinary research for researchers, clinicians, and students engaged in researching and treating diseases in dogs and cats.

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ISBN13:9780443185489

Taal:Engels

Bindwijze:Paperback

Uitgever:Elsevier Science

Serie:Developments in Microbiology

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Contributors Preface Acknowledgments Section A Introduction of diseases 1. General aspects of introduction to diseases, diagnosis, and management of dogs and cats Ranbir Singh Jatav, Aditya Pratap, Nitin Vaishnav, and Neha Sharma 1. Introduction 2. Diagnosis and management of various diseases of dog and cat 2.1 General systemic condition 2.2 Diseases of cardiovascular system 2.3 Diseases of digestive system 2.4 Diseases of respiratory system 2.5 Diseases of urinary system 2.6 Diseases of nervous system 2.7 Deficiency diseases 2.8 Dermatological disorder 2.9 Endocrine disorder in dogs and cats 2.10 Neonatal diseases 2.11 Bacterial diseases 2.12 Viral disease 2.13 Fungal disease of dogs and cats 2.14 Parasitic diseases of canine and feline 2.15 Protozoal diseases of dogs and cats 2.16 Hereditary diseases in dogs and cats 2. Biological system of dogs and cats and its clinical management Avnish Kumar Gautam, Manoj Kumar Sinha, Sanjay Kumar Bharti, and Anil Kumar 1. Introduction 2. Musculoskeletal system of dog and cat 2.1 Skull 3. Digestive system 3.1 Salivary glands 3.2 Pharynx 3.3 Esophagus 3.4 Stomach 3.5 Small intestine 3.6 Large intestine 3.7 Liver 3.8 Pancreas 4. Respiratory system 5. Male reproductive organs of dog and cat 6. Female reproductive organs of bitch and queen 7. Mammary glands 8. Urinary system 9. Endocrine system 10. Sense organ 10.1 Ear 10.2 Clinical importance of surface anatomy 11. Common disorders of dog and its clinical management 12. Common endoparasitic infestation in dogs and cats 13. Common disorders of cat and its clinical management 14. Vaccination schedule: Dogs and puppies 15. Feline vaccination schedule References 3. Nutritional strategies of dogs and cats Amitava Roy, Abhishek Pathak, Alok Mishra, and Tanmoy Rana 1. What is nutritionally balanced dog food? 1.1 Balanced dog food should meet your dog’s energy requirements 2. Protein in dog food 2.1 Sources of protein in dog food 2.2 What does crude protein mean? 2.3 How much protein does my dog need? 2.4 Can dogs be allergic to certain proteins? 2.5 Taurine in cats 3. Fat in dog food 3.1 Sources of fat in dog and cat food 4. Carbohydrates in dog food 4.1 Fiber from carbohydrates 4.2 Sources of carbohydrates 4.3 How much carbohydrates require for dog? 5. Vitamins in dog food 5.1 Which vitamins do dogs need? 5.2 Do dogs need vitamin supplements? 6. Minerals in dog food 6.1 Which minerals do dogs need? 7. Water requirements for dogs 8. Homemade balanced dog food? 8.1 The right puppy food? 9. Classification of pet food based on the nutrient content 9.1 Complete food 9.2 Complementary food 9.3 Mixer biscuit 9.4 Snack/treat 10. Dog food recommendations for overweight dogs 11. Nutritional strategy to prevent disease in healthy dogs and cats 11.1 Feeding the healthy dog and cat 11.2 How much to feed? 11.3 How to feed? 11.4 What to feed? References 4. Clinical examination and diagnostic perspectives in dogs and cats Manisha Mehra, Omprakash Singh, and Jaykumar Desai 1. Introduction 2. Noninvasive diagnostic tests 3. Invasive pathology test 3.1 Complete blood count (CBC) 3.2 Blood biochemistry 3.3 Blood parasites in dogs 3.4 Urine analysis 3.5 Dog and cat fecal exams References 5. Maintenance of fluids, electrolytes, and acid–base therapy in dogs and cats Abhishek Pathak, Satya Pal Singh, Raktim Saikia, and Preeti Bisht 1. Introduction 2. Body Fluid compartments 2.1 Total body water 2.2 Extracellular fluid volume 2.3 Intracellular fluid volume 3. Regulation of electrolytes and body fluids 3.1 Effective circulating volume or ECV 3.2 Antidiuretic hormone 3.3 Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis 3.4 Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) 4. Physiology of acid–base balance 4.1 Metabolic acidosis 4.2 Respiratory acidosis 4.3 Metabolic alkalosis 4.4 Respiratory alkalosis 4.5 Mixed acid–base imbalances 4.6 Anion gap 5. Assessment of imbalances 5.1 Dehydration (water depletion) 5.2 Overhydration (water excess) 5.3 Sodium 5.4 Potassium 5.5 Chloride 6. Clinical features of fluid and electrolyte balance 6.1 History 6.2 Clinical signs 7. Clinical and pathological indicators of fluid and electrolyte imbalance 7.1 Total plasma protein and packed cell volume 7.2 Hyponatremia 7.3 Hypernatremia 7.4 Serum potassium 7.5 Serum chloride 7.6 Osmolality 8. Purpose of fluid therapy 9. Type of fluids 10. Routes of administration 11. Monitoring fluid therapy 12. Contraindications for fluid therapy 13. Discontinuation of fluid therapy 14. Conclusion References 6. Collection, preservation processing, and dispatch of samples for disease diagnosis in dogs and cats P. Gumasta, R.C. Ghosh, P.M. Sonkusale, and P. Kumar 1. Introduction 2. Collection and preservation of specimen for histopathology examination 3. Collection and preservation of specimen for bacteriological examination 4. Collection and preservation of specimen for virological examination 5. Collection and preservation of specimen for toxicological examination 6. Collection procedure of different biological material/specimen 7. Processing and dispatch of material 8. Essential pathological tests for diagnosis of disease in dogs and cats 8.1 Hematology 8.2 Postmortem examination 8.3 Serology 8.4 Molecular diagnosis 8.5 PCR 8.6 Reverse transcriptase RT-PCR 8.7 Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR, or qPCR) 8.8 Cytopathology 8.9 Histopathology 7. Necropsy procedure and basic laboratory methods in dogs and cats Sanjiv Kumar 1. Necropsy procedure 1.1 Postmortem procedure 2. Basic laboratory diagnostic procedures 2.1 Blood examination 2.2 Differential leucocyte count (DLC) 2.3 Interpretation of DLC 3. Urine analysis 3.1 Collection of urine 3.2 Physical examination of urine 3.3 Chemical examination of urine 3.4 Microscopic examination of urine 3.5 Cultural examination of urine 4. Diagnostic cytology 4.1 Collection of specimens 4.2 Fixation of the specimen 4.3 Papanicolaou staining 4.4 Interventional cytopathology 5. Diagnostic histopathology 5.1 Cryo-sectioning/frozen sectioning 5.2 Paraffin embedding technique 5.3 Hematoxylin and eosin staining 6. Parasitological examination 6.1 Examination of mites 6.2 Examination of specimens 6.3 Examination of fecal sample 7. Clinical biochemistry 7.1 Hyperbilirubinemia 8. Bacteriological examination 8.1 Isolation of pure culture by streak plate method 8.2 Gram staining of bacteria 8.3 Antibiotic sensitivity test by disc method 9. Fungal examination 9.1 Sample collection 9.2 Lactophenol cotton blue staining of fungi in wet mounts Section B Clinical diseases of dogs and cats 8. Behavioral disorders of dogs and cats Abrar Ul Haq 1. Introduction 2. Noise-related anxiety 3. Aggression 4. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) 5. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 6. Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) 7. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 8. Behavior problems and pain 9. Issues with vomeronasal organ and behavior 10. Heart diseases and behavioral issues 11. Some adverse outcomes of drugs prescribed for behavioral disorders References 9. Respiratory diseases of dogs and cats Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh 1. Introduction 115 2. Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system in dogs and cats 2.1 The structure and function of the upper respiratory tract (nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx) 2.2 The structure and function of the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli) 2.3 The role of the respiratory system in gas exchange and regulation of blood pH 3. Pathogenic agents that cause respiratory diseases in dogs and cats 3.1 Overview of common pathogens causing respiratory diseases 3.2 Modes of transmission for respiratory pathogens 4. Host defense mechanisms in respiratory diseases in dogs and cats 4.1 Mucociliary clearance 4.2 Immune response 4.3 Inflammatory response 4.4 Antimicrobial peptides 5. Common respiratory diseases in dogs 5.1 Canine infectious respiratory disease complex 5.2 Canine influenza 5.3 Canine distemper 5.4 Canine parainfluenza virus 6. Common respiratory diseases in cats 6.1 Feline upper respiratory infection 6.2 Feline asthma 6.3 Feline calicivirus 6.4 Feline herpesvirus-1 7. Recent advancement in the respiratory disease diagnosis 7.1 Immunological and pathological aspects 7.2 Biological and chemical analysis 7.3 Genetic and cellular aspects 7.4 Physiological aspects 7.5 Clinical aspects 7.6 Environmental and behavioral aspects 7.7 One health aspects 7.8 Economic and societal aspects 8. Conclusion and future directions References 10. Urinary system diseases of dogs and cats Ramesh Putchakayala and Haritha G S 1. Introduction 2. Urinary tract infections in dogs and cats 2.1 Bacterial urinary tract infection 2.2 Fungal urinary tract infection 2.3 Viral urinary tract infection 3. Clinical signs 4. Diagnosis 5. Treatment 6. Urolithiasis 6.1 Clinical signs and diagnosis 6.2 Treatment and management of uroliths 7. Urinary tract tumors 8. Chronic kidney disease 8.1 Clinical signs 8.2 Diagnosis 8.3 Management of CKD 8.4 Prognosis of CKD 9. Acute kidney injury References 11. Diseases of the reproductive system of male dogs and cats Ashok Kumar Chaudhary, Govind Narayan Purohit, Sunita Choudhary, and Hemlata 1. Diseases of testes and epididymis 1.1 Cryptorchidism 1.2 Orchitis/epididymitis 1.3 Brucellosis 1.4 Testicular neoplasm 1.5 Testicular torsion/spermatic cord torsion 2. Diseases of the prostate 2.1 Benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia 2.2 Prostatitis 2.3 Prostatic cysts 2.4 Prostatic neoplasia 3. Diseases of penis and prepuce 3.1 Balanoposthitis 3.2 Phimosis and paraphimosis 3.3 Priapism 3.4 Penile neoplasia References 12. Autoimmune diseases of dogs and cats Ahmed Abd El-Fattah Daha 1. Induction of autoimmunity 2. Normal immune responses 2.1 Antigens hidden in cells or tissues (cryptic antigens) 2.2 Antigens generated by molecular changes 2.3 Receptor editing 3. Abnormal immune responses 3.1 Failure of regulatory control 3.2 Infection-induced autoimmunity 3.3 Microchimerism 4. Predisposing factors 4.1 Genetic predisposition 4.2 Breed predispositions 4.3 Intestinal microbiota 5. Mechanisms of tissue damage in autoimmunity 5.1 Type I hypersensitivity 5.2 Type II hypersensitivity 5.3 Type III hypersensitivity 5.4 Type IV hypersensitivity 6. Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease in dogs and cats 6.1 Dog autoimmune disease 6.2 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 6.3 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 6.4 Autoimmune skin disease 6.5 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) 6.6 Autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP) 6.7 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) 6.8 Addison’s disease 6.9 Lymphocytic thyroiditis 6.10 Myasthenia gravis 6.11 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome 6.12 Polymyositis 6.13 Autoimmune masticatory myopathy 6.14 Cat autoimmune disease 6.15 Granulomatous diseases of infectious etiology 6.16 Gammopathies (dysproteinemias or paraproteinemias) 6.17 Polyclonal gammopathy 6.18 Monoclonal gammopathy 6.19 Organ-specific autoimmune diseases 7. Hormonal influence on autoimmunity 8. Primary vs secondary autoimmune disease 8.1 Drugs and vaccines as triggers for autoimmunity 8.2 Environmental triggers of autoimmunity 8.3 Infectious triggers of autoimmunity 8.4 Inflammatory response might lead to damage 9. Immunodiagnostic tests for autoimmunity 10. Immunodiagnostic tests for autoimmunity 10.1 Antinuclear antibody test References 13. Diseases of cardiovascular system of dogs and cats S. Yogeshpriya 1. Introduction 2. Congenital heart diseases 2.1 Subaortic stenosis 2.2 Pulmonic stenosis (PS) 2.3 Dysplasia of the atrioventricular valves (DAV) 2.4 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 2.5 Ventricular septal defects (VSD) 2.6 Tetralogy of fallot (TF) 2.7 Eisenmerger’s syndrome (ES) 2.8 Atrial septal defects (ASD) 2.9 Atrioventricular canal defects (AVC) 3. Acquired heart diseases 3.1 Diagnosis 3.2 Thoracic radiography 3.3 Electrocardiography 3.4 Cardiac catheterization 3.5 Echocardiography 3.6 Doppler echocardiography (DE) 3.7 Cardiac biomarker 3.8 Treatment 3.9 Common drugs used References 14. Diseases of reproductive system of female dogs and cats Ashok Kumar Chaudhary, Govind Narayan Purohit, Amit Kumar, and Sandeep Dholpuria 1. Diseases of ovary 1.1 Ovarian cyst 1.2 Ovarian remnant syndrome 1.3 Ovarian neoplasia 2. Diseases of uterus 2.1 Cystic endometrial hyperplasia pyometra complex 2.2 Metritis 2.3 Subinvolution of placental sites 2.4 Uterine neoplasia 3. Diseases of vagina 3.1 Vaginal fold prolapse 3.2 Vaginal neoplasia 4. Other diseases 4.1 Canine pseudopregnancy References 15. Diseases of endocrine system in dogs and cats Ambica Gadige, Aruna Maramulla, Mohanambal Kaliyan, Anil Kumar Banothu, and Satish Kumar Karlapudi 1. Introduction 2. Hypothyroidism 2.1 Anatomy and pathophysiology 2.2 Clinical signs 2.3 Diagnosis 2.4 Treatment 3. Hyperthyroidism 3.1 Clinical signs 3.2 Diagnosis 3.3 Treatment 4. Diabetes mellitus 4.1 Factors and pathophysiology 4.2 Clinical signs 4.3 Diagnosis 4.4 Treatment 5. Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) (or) Cushing’s syndrome 5.1 Factors and pathophysiology 5.2 Clinical signs 5.3 Diagnosis 5.4 Treatment 6. Hypoadrenocorticism (or) Addison’s disease 6.1 Clinical signs 6.2 Therapy 7. Primary hypoparathyroidism 8. Primary hyperparathyroidism 9. Secondary hyperparathyroidism 10. Hyperaldosteronism in cats 11. Sex-hormone dermatoses 12. Hyperestrogenism 13. Hyperandrogenism 14. Immune-mediated endocrine deficiency syndromes References 16. Diseases of the nervous system of dogs and cats G.K. Chetan Kumar, A. Ashwini, C Sunita, and R.S. Sagar 1. Introduction 2. Cells of the nervous system 2.1 Neurons 2.2 Neuroglial cells or supporting cells 3. Cranial nerves 4. Diagnosis of neurological problems in dogs and cats 4.1 History and signalment 4.2 Physical examination 4.3 Neurological examination 4.4 Test on blood and serum 4.5 Cerebrospinal fluid analysis 4.6 Electroencephalography (EEG) 4.7 Electromyography (EMG) 4.8 Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) 4.9 Spinal cord evoked response 4.10 Routine radiography 4.11 Myelography 4.12 Computed tomography (CT) 4.13 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 4.14 Surgical biopsy 5. Common affections of the nervous system in small animals 5.1 Epilepsy 5.2 Paralysis 5.3 Meningitis/encephalitis/meningoencephalitis 5.4 Encephalomalacia References 17. Diseases of integument system of dogs and cats Mahmuda Malik, Chandra Prakash Dixit, Jove Jacob, and Sushanta Goswami 18. Gastrointestinal disorders of dogs and cats Justin Davis Kollannur, A. Javed Jameel, and Sunitha Choudhary 1. Esophageal disorders 1.1 Megaesophagus 1.2 Esophagitis 1.3 Esophageal strictures 1.4 Esophageal foreign bodies 1.5 Esophageal tumors 1.6 Gastroesophageal intussusception 1.7 Vascular ring anomalies 1.8 Dysautonomia 2. Gastric disorders 2.1 Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) 2.2 Gastritis 2.3 Gastric/peptic ulceration 3. Diseases of small intestine 3.1 Protein-losing enteropathy 3.2 Intestinal obstruction 3.3 Intussusception 3.4 Dysmotility 4. Disorders of large intestine 4.1 Colitis 4.2 Acute colitis 4.3 Chronic enteropathy 4.4 Constipation, obstipation, and megacolon References 19. Occular manifestation of infectious and noninfestious disease of dogs and cats Burhan Nabi, Jehanzeb Yousuf, S.R. Upadhyay, and Rajiv Singh 1. Introduction 2. Systemic diseases with ocular manifestation 2.1 Canine distemper 2.2 Infectious canine hepatitis 3. Feline herpesvirus 4. Ocular problems in canines and felines due to endocrine disease 4.1 Diabetes mellitus 4.2 Hyperadenocorticism (Cushing’s disease) 4.3 Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) 4.4 Growth hormone disorders 4.5 Hypothyroidism 4.6 Hyperthyroidism 4.7 Calcium disorders References 20. Diseases of ear in dogs and cats Ambica Gadige, Srujan Racharla, Lokesh Lella, and Anil Kumar Banothu 1. Introduction 2. Anatomy of ear of dogs and cats 2.1 Anatomy of external ear 2.2 Anatomy of middle ear 2.3 Anatomy of internal ear 3. Diseases of external ear 3.1 Diseases of external ear 3.2 Aural hematoma 4. Disease of middle ear (or) otitis media 4.1 Risk factors 4.2 Clinical signs 4.3 Diagnosis 4.4 Treatment 5. Disease of inner ear (or) otitis interna 6. Deafness 6.1 Causes of deafness 6.2 Diagnosis 6.3 Therapy 7 Aural neoplasia References 21. Overview on diseases of blood and hematopoietic system in dogs and cats K. Karthika and S. Poobitha 1. Hematopoietic system in animals 2. Red blood cells in animals 2.1 Absolute erythrocytosis 2.2 Anemia in dogs and cats 3. White blood cells in animals 3.1 Decreased hematopoietic marrow cell production 3.2 Five distinct stages in the process of phagocytosis have been identified 4. Lymphocytes in animals 5. Platelets in animals 5.1 Thrombocytopathies 5.2 Bleeding disorders in dogs and cats 5.3 Primary hemostasis 5.4 Secondary hemostasis 5.5 Diseases of primary hemostasis 5.6 Disorders of coagulation 6. Neoplasia of the myeloid system 6.1 Lymphoid system neoplasia 6.2 Anatomic pattern 6.3 Leukemic form (lymphocytic leukemia) 6.4 Other miscellaneous forms of malignant lymphoma 6.5 Histologic classification References 319 22. Diseases and disorders of the musculoskeletal system in dogs and cats K. Karthika and P.K. Ramkumar 1. Myopathies 2. Myositis 2.2 Causes 2.3 Tendinitis 3. Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders 4. Bone disorders in dogs 4.1 Hypertrophic osteodystrophy 4.2 Pediatric bone diseases (panosteitis) 4.3 Avascular necrosis of the femoral head 4.4 Multiple cartilaginous exostosis 4.5 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis 5. Joint disorders in dogs 5.1 Clinical signs of musculoskeletal disorders 5.2 Lameness examination 6. Congenital musculoskeletal disorder 7. Immune-mediated arthritis 7.1 Myopathies 8. Canine diskospondylitis 9. Therapy for musculoskeletal system disorder 9.1 Applications in the musculoskeletal system 10. Musculoskeletal disorders of cats 10.1 Inherited and developmental disorders 10.2 Bone disorders in cats 10.3 Joint disorders in cats 10.4 Muscle disorders in cat 11. Diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders in dogs and cats 11.1 Diagnostic approach 11.2 Therapeutic management 11.3 Ultrasonic beam therapy References 23. Geriatric diseases of dogs and cats Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh 1. Introduction 2. Neural basis of cognitive decline in domestic dogs and cats during aging 2.1 Brain structure and function in aging 3. Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in aging 3.1 Inflammatory pathways: Linking chronic inflammation to age-related diseases 3.2 Oxidative stress 4. Skin and coat changes 4.1 Understanding and managing skin problems in geriatric dogs and cats 5. Changes in body weight and condition 6. Musculoskeletal changes 6.1 Sarcopenia 6.2 Osteoarthritis 6.3 Osteophytosis 7. Metabolic dysregulations: The interplay of aging and chronic diseases 7.1 Diabetes mellitus 7.2 Obesity 7.3 Fatty liver disease 8. Oral and gingival diseases 9. The role of the gut microbiome 10. Respiratory tract changes 11. Understanding the pathobiology of cardiac senescence: Heart diseases 11.1 Dilated cardiomyopathy 11.2 Valvular heart disease (VHD) 11.3 Atrial fibrillation 11.4 Arrhythmias 11.5 Treatments for geriatric cardiovascular health 12. Aging-associated nephropathy: Exploring renal function dynamics and pathophysiology 12.1 Renal structure and function 12.2 Hormonal changes 12.3 Toxin and oxidative stress 12.4 Urologic changes 13. Changes to the endocrine system 14. Age-related hearing and vision loss 14.1 Pathophysiology of geriatric audiovisual impairment 14.2 Diagnostic approaches for geriatric audio-visual impairment 14.3 Treatment and management of geriatric audio-visual impairment 14.4 Prevention of geriatric audio-visual impairment 15. Fueling the aging process: The latest research on nutrition and geriatric disease prevention 15.1 Innovative orthopedic therapeutic approaches for geriatric arthritis management 15.2 Advances in geriatric nutritional therapies: Integrating genomics and emerging interventions 15.3 Early detection and multimodal oncologic treatment 15.4 Pathophysiology and evidence-based treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders 15.5 Mitigating age-associated cognitive decline: Neuroprotective interventions 15.6 Benefits of therapeutic massage and acupuncture 15.7 The role of mental stimulation and exercise for geriatric pets 16. Conclusions References 24. Neoplasms in dog and cat Devendra Kumar Gupta, Randhir Singh, Nidhi Gupta, and Kshemankar Shrman 1. Benign neoplasms 2. Malignant neoplasms 3. Hemopoietic system neoplasm 4. Etiology 5. Signs and symptoms of neoplasm 6. Diagnosis 7. Clinical staging 7.1 TNM system 7.2 Overall staging 8. Therapeutic approaches 9. Management of toxicities 10. Common neoplasms in dogs and cats 10.1 Lymphoma 11. Anatomical classification 11.1 Multicentric lymphoma 11.2 Mediastinal lymphoma 11.3 Gastrointestinal lymphoma 11.4 Hepatic lymphoma 11.5 Cutaneous lymphoma 11.6 Ocular lymphoma 11.7 Nervous system lymphoma 11.8 Pulmonary lymphoma 11.9 Atypical forms of canine lymphoma 11.10 Evaluating dogs with lymphoma: Staging 11.11 Therapy 11.12 Chemotherapy 11.13 Glucocorticoid 11.14 Single-agent therapy 11.15 Multiagent therapy 11.16 Rescue protocols 11.17 Lymphoma in cats 12. Mammary tumor 13. Hemangiosarcoma 14. Mast cell tumors 15. Sarcoma 16. Squamous cell carcinomas 17. Mouth and nose cancer 18. Papilloma 19. Canine transmissible venereal tumors References 25. Diseases of hepatobiliary system of dogs and cats M. Saravanan and P.K. Ramkumar 1. Introduction 2. Clinical anatomy and physiology of hepatobiliary system 3. Pathophysiology hepatobiliary disorders 3.1 Portal hypertension 3.2 Refractory ascites 3.3 Stages of liver diseases 4. Diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders 4.1 Signalment 4.2 Food 4.3 Drugs/medication 4.4 Previous diseases illness 4.5 Clinical signs 4.6 Laboratory examination 5. Treatment and management 5.1 Treatment for ascites 5.2 Management of hepatic encephalopathy 5.3 Drug induced toxicity 5.4 Other medications 5.5 Nutritional management 6. Conclusion Acknowledgment References 26. Common toxicological phenomenon in dogs and cats Rashmi Rajashekaraiah and U. Sunilchandra 1. Acetaminophen 2. Acetone 3. Amitraz 4. Anticoagulant rodenticide 5. Arsenic 6. Bleaching powder 7. Detergents, soaps, and shampoos 8. Ethanol 9. Grapes and Raisins 10. Homemade and commercial play dough 11. Honey bees, wasps, and hornets 12. Iron 13. Lead 14. Metaldehyde 15. Methylxanthines: Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline 16. Mothballs 17. Mushroom poisoning 18. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides 19. Paintballs 20. Plant poisoning 21. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids 22. Silica gel containing desiccant packs 23. Snake poisoning 24. Toad poisoning 25. Xylitol 26. Zinc phosphide 27. Prevention References 27. Anesthesia and pain management in dogs and cats Falguni Mridha 1. Preanesthetic preparation 1.1 Preparation of the animals on the day before experiment 1.2 Preparation of the animals prior to experiment 2. Vein cannulation 2.1 Endotracheal intubation during anesthesia 2.2 Monitoring 3. Postanesthetic care 4. General anesthesia 4.1 Preanesthetic agents 5. Parenteral anesthetic agents 5.1 Barbiturates 5.2 Nonbarbiturate agents 5.3 Inhalational anesthesia 5.4 Local and regional anesthesia 6. Pain management in dogs and cats 7. Management of pain 7.1 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 7.2 Others 8. Pain management by some alternative solutions 8.1 Physical rehabilitation 8.2 Thermal therapy 8.3 Laser therapy 8.4 Extracorporeal shockwave therapy 8.5 Therapeutic ultrasound 8.6 Electrotherapy 8.7 Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy 8.8 Acupuncture 8.9 Therapeutic exercise 8.10 Hydrotherapy 8.11 Massage References 28. Drugs in therapeutic application of dogs and cats Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Furqan Munir, and Amna Shakoor 1. Introduction 2. Therapeutic applications of drugs 2.1 Challenges and benefits of different routes of drug administration 3. Drugs used for the treatment of diseases in dogs and cats 3.1 Use of antibiotics 3.2 Antiviral treatment 3.3 Antiparasitic drugs 3.4 Antifungal drugs 3.5 Immunosuppressive drug therapies for dogs and cats 3.6 Supportive drugs used in dogs and cats 4. Conclusion Acknowledgments References 29. Nutritional and metabolic diseases of dogs and cats Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh 1. Overview of nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats 1.1 Epidemiology and prevalence 1.2 Common nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats 1.3 Diabetes mellitus 1.4 Kidney disease 1.5 Inflammatory bowel disease 1.6 Pancreatitis 1.7 Liver disease 1.8 Hyperthyroidism 1.9 Hypothyroidism 1.10 Dental disease 2. Factors influencing nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats 2.1 The impact of breed-specific characteristics on the risk and severity of nutritional and metabolic diseases 2.2 The effects of aging on the development and progression of nutritional and metabolic diseases 2.3 The influence of gender and sex hormones on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases 2.4 The impact of social and environmental factors on the risk and severity of nutritional and metabolic diseases 2.5 The impact of climate change on the prevalence and distribution of nutritional and metabolic diseases 3. Mechanisms of nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats 3.1 The impact of gut microbiota on the development of metabolic diseases 3.2 The role of gut hormones on the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases 3.3 The influence of bile acid metabolism and the farnesoid X receptor on nutrient absorption and the development of metabolic diseases 3.4 The role of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in the development and progression of metabolic diseases 3.5 The effects of oxidative stress and antioxidants on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases 3.6 The impact of endogenous and exogenous stressors on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases 3.7 The role of glucocorticoid signaling and stress response pathways in the development of metabolic diseases 3.8 The impact of the kynurenine pathway and tryptophan metabolism on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases 3.9 The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the regulation of immune function and the development of metabolic diseases 3.10 The influence of histone modifications and DNA methylation on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases 3.11 The effects of nutrient-sensing pathways and transcriptional regulators on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases 3.12 The influence of transcriptional coregulators and chromatin remodeling complexes on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases 3.13 The impact of lipoprotein metabolism and apolipoprotein expression on nutrient absorption and the development of metabolic diseases 3.14 The effects of alternative splicing and mRNA stability on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases 3.15 The impact of mitochondrial DNA damage and mutation on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases 3.16 The influence of the unfolded protein response and ER-associated degradation on protein quality control and the development of metabolic diseases 3.17 The impact of mitochondrial oxidative stress and the electron transport chain on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases 3.18 The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and xenobiotic metabolism in the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases 3.19 The role of noncoding RNAs in the regulation of gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases 3.20 The influence of circadian rhythms on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases 3.21 The role of autophagy in the regulation of cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases 3.22 The impact of the gut-brain axis on the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases 3.23 The impact of gut dysbiosis on nutrient metabolism 3.24 The effects of exercise and physical activity on nutrient metabolism and the prevention of metabolic diseases in dogs and cats 4. Conclusion and future directions References Section C Infectious diseases of dogs and cats 30. General introduction of infectious diseases in dogs and cats Abhishek Kalundia 1. Introduction 2. Modes of transmission of infectious diseases 3. Factors affecting the susceptibility and severity of an infectious disease 4. Infectious agents in dogs and cats 4.1 Bacteria 4.2 Rickettsiae 4.3 Mycoplasma 4.4 Virus 4.5 Fungi 4.6 Parasites 5. Clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases 6. Treatment of infectious diseases 7. Prevention and control Acknowledgments References 31. Clinical signs and symptoms of infectious diseases in dogs and cats Abhishek Kalundia 1. Introduction 2. General clinical findings of infectious diseases in dogs and cats 2.1 Acute collapse 2.2 Abdominal enlargement 2.3 Anorexia 2.4 Behavioral changes 2.5 Lethargy and weakness 2.6 Hyperthermia and pyrexia 2.7 Epistaxis, sneezing, and nasal discharge 2.8 Oral and dental problems 2.9 Ear problems 2.10 Lumps and bumps 2.11 Lesions of the paw 2.12 Problems related to the anus, perineum, and tail 3. System-wise clinical findings of infectious diseases in dogs and cats 3.1 The cardiovascular system 3.2 The gastrointestinal system 3.3 The eye 3.4 The hematopoietic and lymphoreticular system 3.5 The integumentary system 3.6 The hepatobiliary system pancreas and spleen 3.7 The musculoskeletal system 3.8 The nervous system 3.9 The peritoneal cavity 3.10 The reproductive system 3.11 The respiratory system 3.12 The urinary system Acknowledgments References 32. Parasitic diseases of dogs and cats Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Furqan Munir, and Amna Shakoor 1. Introduction 2. Zoonotic and economic importance of parasitic diseases 3. Role of ectoparasites in the transmission of infections 4. Protozoal diseases of dogs and cats 4.1 Toxoplasmosis 4.2 Giardiasis 4.3 Babesiosis 4.4 Hepatozoonosis 4.5 Neosporosis 5. Internal parasitic diseases of dogs and cats 5.1 Dirofilariasis (heartworm disease) 5.2 Leishmaniasis 5.3 Toxocariasis 5.4 Ancylostomiasis 6. Ectoparasites infesting dogs and cats 6.1 Scabies 7. Control of parasitic diseases in dogs and cats 8. Conclusion Acknowledgments References 33. Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, and Chlamydia diseases of dogs and cats Nourhan Eissa 1. Introduction 1.1 Mycoplasma infections in dogs and cats 1.2 Rickettsial infections in dogs and cats 1.3 Chlamydial infections in dogs and cats 2. Conclusion References 34. Bacterial diseases of dogs and cats Abbas Rabiu Ishaq 1. Introduction 2. Salmonellosis 2.1 Cause 2.2 Hosts 2.3 Spread 2.4 Clinical signs 2.5 Pathology 2.6 Diagnosis 2.7 Treatment 2.8 Prevention 3. Colibacillosis 3.1 Cause 3.2 Hosts 3.3 Spread 3.4 Pathogenesis 3.5 Clinical signs 3.6 Pathology 3.7 Diagnosis 3.8 Differential diagnosis 3.9 Treatment 3.10 Prevention 4. Klebsiellosis 4.1 Cause 4.2 Hosts 4.3 Spread 4.4 Clinical signs 4.5 Pathology 4.6 Diagnosis 4.7 Treatment 5. Yersiniosis 5.1 Cause 5.2 Hosts 5.3 Spread 5.4 Pathogenesis 5.5 Clinical signs 5.6 Pathological findings 5.7 Diagnosis 5.8 Treatment 5.9 Differential diagnoses 5.10 Prevention 6. Bartonellosis 6.1 Cause 6.2 Hosts 6.3 Spread 6.4 Pathogenesis 6.5 Clinical signs 6.6 Pathology 6.7 Diagnosis 6.8 Treatment 6.9 Prevention 7. Tularaemia 7.1 Cause 7.2 Hosts 7.3 Spread 7.4 Pathogenesis 7.5 Clinical signs 7.6 Pathology 7.7 Diagnosis 7.8 Treatment 7.9 Prevention 8. Campylobacteriosis 8.1 Cause 8.2 Hosts 8.3 Spread 8.4 Pathogenesis 8.5 Clinical signs 8.6 Pathology 8.7 Diagnosis 8.8 Treatment 9. Listeriosis 9.1 Cause 9.2 Hosts 9.3 Spread 9.4 Pathogenesis 9.5 Clinical signs 9.6 Pathology 9.7 Diagnosis 9.8 Treatment 9.9 Prevention 10. Nocardiosis 10.1 Cause 10.2 Hosts 10.3 Spread 10.4 Pathogenesis 10.5 Clinical signs 10.6 Pathology 10.7 Differential diagnosis 10.8 Diagnosis 10.9 Treatment 11. Staphylococcal infections 11.1 Cause 11.2 Hosts 11.3 Spread 11.4 Pathogenesis 11.5 Clinical signs 11.6 Pathology 11.7 Diagnosis 11.8 Treatment 11.9 Prevention 12. Streptococcal infections 12.1 Cause 12.2 Hosts 12.3 Spread 12.4 Pathogenesis 12.5 Clinical signs 12.6 Pathology 12.7 Diagnosis 12.8 Treatment 12.9 Prevention 13. Tetanus 13.1 Cause 13.2 Hosts 13.3 Spread 13.4 Pathogenesis 13.5 Clinical signs 13.6 Differentials 13.7 Diagnosis 13.8 Prevention 13.9 Treatment 14. Pasteurellosis 14.1 Cause 14.2 Hosts 14.3 Spread 14.4 Clinical signs 14.5 Diagnosis 14.6 Treatment 14.7 Prevention 15. Clostridium perfringens infection 15.1 Cause 15.2 Hosts 15.3 Spread 15.4 Clinical signs 15.5 Diagnosis 15.6 Treatment 16. Clostridium difficile infection 16.1 Cause 16.2 Hosts 16.3 Spread 16.4 Pathogenesis 16.5 Clinical signs 16.6 Diagnosis 16.7 Treatment 17. Brucellosis 17.1 Cause 17.2 Spread 17.3 Hosts 17.4 Pathogenesis 17.5 Pathology 17.6 Clinical signs 17.7 Diagnosis 17.8 Treatment 17.9 Prevention and control 18. Helicobacter infections 18.1 Cause 18.2 Hosts 18.3 Spread 18.4 Pathogenesis 18.5 Clinical signs 18.6 Pathology 18.7 Diagnosis 18.8 Treatment 19. Pseudomoniasis 19.1 Cause 19.2 Hosts 19.3 Spread 19.4 Pathogenesis 19.5 Clinical signs 19.6 Diagnosis 19.7 Treatment Acknowledgments References 35. Fungal diseases of dogs and cats Nourhan Eissa 1. Introduction 2. Mechanisms of immunosuppression in dogs and cats 3. Opportunistic fungal infections 3.1 Phaeohyphomycosis 3.2 Hyalohyphomycosis 3.3 Eumycotic mycetoma 3.4 Microsporum canis 3.5 Sporothrix brasiliensis 3.6 Aspergillosis 3.7 Mucormycosis 3.8 Candidiasis 3.9 Blastomycosis 3.10 Histoplasmosis 3.11 Coccidiomycosis 3.12 Cryptococcosis 3.13 Paracoccidioidomycosis 4. Mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses 5. Diagnosis and treatment of mycotic infections in dogs and cats 6. Conclusion References 36. Common viral diseases of dogs and cats Mohammad Bashir Aliyu 1. Viral diseases of dogs 1.1 Canine adenovirus 1.2 Influenza virus—H3N8, H3N2 1.3 Canine parainfluenza virus 1.4 Canine reovirus 1.5 Coronavirus 1.6 Rotavirus infection 1.7 Astrovirus infection 1.8 Calicivirus infection 1.9 Canine parvovirus infection 1.10 Canine bocaparvovirus 1.11 Louping illness 1.12 Pseudorabies 1.13 Rabies 1.14 Canine distemper 2. Viral diseases of cats 2.1 Feline herpes virus 2.2 Feline calicivirus 2.3 Feline leukemia virus 2.4 Feline distemper/feline panleukemia 2.5 Feline coronavirus 2.6 Feline immunodeficiency virus References 37. Zoonotic diseases of dogs and cats Shivangi Udainiya, Amita Tiwari, Apoorva Mishra, and Amita Dubey 1. Viral diseases 1.1 Rabies 1.2 Noroviruses 2. Fungal diseases 2.1 Dermatophytosis 3. Parasitic diseases 3.1 Toxoplasmosis 3.2 Leishmaniosis 3.3 Giardiasis 3.4 Echinococcosis 3.5 Sarcoptes scabiei 3.6 Cheyletiella blakei 3.7 Cutaneous larva migrans 3.8 Visceral larva migrans 3.9 Ocular larva migrans 4. Bacterial diseases 4.1 Brucellosis 4.2 Leptospirosis 4.3 Bordetella bronchiseptica 4.4 Campylobacteriosis 4.5 Capnocytophaga infection 4.6 Coxiella burnetii infection 4.7 Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus 4.8 Salmonella 4.9 Staphylococcus intermedius 4.10 Yersinia enterocolitica 4.11 Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae) 4.12 Plague (Yersinia pestis) References 38. Drug resistance of infectious diseases of dogs and cats Amna Shakoor, Furqan Munir, and Muhammad Tahir Aleem 1. Introduction 2. Emerging drug resistance leads to global threat and its economic importance 3. Accelerating factors responsible for drug resistance of infectious diseases of companion animals 3.1 Role of mutation 3.2 Antigenic shift and antigenic drift 3.3 Misuse of antimicrobial drugs 3.4 Emergence of new pathogenic variants 4. Antimicrobial drug resistance in dogs and cats 4.1 Antibacterial drug resistance 4.2 Antifungal drug resistance 4.3 Vaccinal resistance 5. Emergence and spread of resistance in the drugs used against parasitic infections of dogs and cats 5.1 Antiprotozoal drug resistance 5.2 Anthelminthic drug resistance 6. Possible ways to conserve drug efficacy and prevent drug resistance 7. Future perspective 8. Conclusion Acknowledgments References 39. Diagnostic techniques of infectious diseases of dogs and cats Amita Dubey, Maneesh Jatav, Amita Tiwari, and Yamini Verma 1. Clinical pathological techniques 2. Microbiological techniques 3. Necropsy and histopathological technique 4. Diagnostic interpretation of common diseases in dogs and cats 4.1 Bacterial diseases 4.2 Viral diseases 4.3 Fungal diseases 4.4 Other diseases 4.5 Canine anaplasmosis infection 4.6 Dogs 4.7 Cats 40. One Health approach of infectious diseases of dogs and cats Shivangi Udainiya, Amita Tiwari, Apoorva Mishra, and Amita Dubey 1. Introduction 2. Bordetella bronchiseptica 3. Brucella 4. Campylobacter 5. Capnocytophaga 6. Coxiella burnetii 7. Rabies 8. Noroviruses 9. Leptospira 10. Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus 11. Pasteurella 12. Salmonella 13. Staphylococcus intermedius 14. Yersinia enterocolitica 15. Zoonotic diseases of cats 16. Campylobacteriosis 17. Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae) 18. Cat tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum) 19. Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium spp.) 20. Giardiasis (Giardia duodenalis) 21. Hookworm (Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma braziliense, Uncinaria stenocephala) 22. MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) 23. Plague (Yersinia pestis) 24. Rabies 25. Ringworm 26. Roundworms (Toxocara spp.) 27. Salmonellosis (Salmonella spp.) 28. Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix spp.) 29. Tick-borne diseases 30. Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) 31. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) 32. Prevention 33. Conclusion References 41. Prevention and control of infectious diseases Ranjini Manuel 1. Introduction 2. Domesticated populations 2.1 Canine population 2.2 Feline population 3. Factors influencing infectious diseases progression and its prevention 3.1 Hosts 3.2 Pathogen 3.3 Transmission 3.4 Methods of transmission 3.5 Environment 3.6 Maintenance of disease 3.7 The classical triad: Agent-hostenvironment relationship 3.8 Immunoprohylaxis 4. Disease control and prevention strategies 4.1 Doing nothing 4.2 Quarantine 4.3 Euthanasia 4.4 Vaccination 4.5 Therapeutic chemotherapy 5. Conclusion References Index

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