Health and Environmental Safety of Nanomaterials

<p>Contributor contact details</p> <p>Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering</p> <p>Preface</p> <p>Part I: General introduction</p> <p>1. Nanomaterials, nanofillers, and nanocomposites: types and properties</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>1.1 Introduction</p> <p>1.2 Key terms and definitions</p> <p>1.3 Common physical and chemical properties</p> <p>1.4 Types of nanofiller</p> <p>1.5 Nanocomposites: selected examples</p> <p>1.6 Conclusion</p> <p>1.7 Acknowledgement</p> <p>1.8 References</p> <p>2. Mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>2.1 Introduction</p> <p>2.2 Size- and non-size-related toxicity mechanisms of nanomaterials</p> <p>2.3 Mechanisms of nanomaterial-induced cellular damage mediated by oxidative stress</p> <p>2.4 Mechanisms of nanomaterial-induced cellular damage independent of oxidative stress</p> <p>2.5 Nanomaterial shape and toxicity: the fibre paradigm</p> <p>2.6 The use of lipidomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics to understand nanomaterial toxicity</p> <p>2.7 Conclusion and future trends</p> <p>2.8 References</p> <p>Part II: Assessment of nanomaterial release and exposure</p> <p>3. Nanoparticle exposure assessment: methods, sampling techniques, and data analysis</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>3.1 Introduction</p> <p>3.2 Physicochemical properties of nanomaterials relevant to exposure assessment</p> <p>3.3 International standards and guidance relating to nanoparticle exposure assessment</p> <p>3.4 Instrumentation for exposure assessment</p> <p>3.5 Sample collection strategies for exposure assessment</p> <p>3.6 Initial evaluation: identification of potential emission sources</p> <p>3.7 Main evaluation: key steps</p> <p>3.8 Data interpretation</p> <p>3.9 Conclusion and future trends</p> <p>3.10 Acknowledgement</p> <p>3.11 References</p> <p>4. Sampling protocols for testing the safety of polymer nanocomposites</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>4.1 Introduction</p> <p>4.2 Approaches for release simulation: case studies of drilling</p> <p>4.3 Simulating the release of particulate materials</p> <p>4.4 Collection of samples</p> <p>4.5 Characterization of samples</p> <p>4.6 Sample storage and labelling</p> <p>4.7 Preventing the contamination of stored samples</p> <p>4.8 Sample pre-treatment before testing: use of dispersing agents, sonication, stirring and mixing</p> <p>4.9 Protocol validation and standardization</p> <p>4.10 Conclusion and future trends</p> <p>4.11 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>4.12 References</p> <p>5. Measurement and sampling techniques for characterization of airborne nanoparticles released from nano-enhanced products</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>5.1 Introduction</p> <p>5.2 Identification of release scenarios of nano-sized particles from nanocomposites</p> <p>5.3 Measurement of airborne nano-sized particles</p> <p>5.4 Collection of airborne particles</p> <p>5.5 Deficiencies of devices for measuring airborne nano-sized particles</p> <p>5.6 Case study: the effect of nanoclay on dust generation during drilling of PA6 nanocomposites</p> <p>5.7 Conclusion</p> <p>5.8 Acknowledgement</p> <p>5.9 References</p> <p>6. Life cycle assessment of engineered nanomaterials</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>6.1 Introduction</p> <p>6.2 Life cycle assessment methodology</p> <p>6.3 Life cycle assessment of engineered nanomaterials: case studies</p> <p>6.4 New developments in life cycle assessment of engineered nanomaterials</p> <p>6.5 Conclusion</p> <p>6.6 References</p> <p>Part III: Safety of particular types of nanomaterial</p> <p>7. Nanolayered silicates/clay minerals: uses and effects on health</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>7.1 Introduction</p> <p>7.2 Characteristics of clay minerals</p> <p>7.3 Effect of clay minerals on the environment</p> <p>7.4 Toxicity of nanoclays in humans</p> <p>7.5 Life cycle assessment of nanoclay-reinforced materials</p> <p>7.6 Conclusion and future trends</p> <p>7.7 References</p> <p>8. Carbon nanotubes: properties, applications, and toxicity</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>8.1 Introduction</p> <p>8.2 Physico-chemical properties of carbon nanotubes and their applications</p> <p>8.3 Carbon nanotubes in nanomedicine</p> <p>8.4 Carbon nanotube toxicity</p> <p>8.5 Conclusion and future trends</p> <p>8.6 Acknowledgements</p> <p>8.7 References</p> <p>9. Ecotoxicological effects of carbon nanotubes: test methods and current research</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>9.1 Introduction</p> <p>9.2 Quantification of carbon nanotubes in environmentally relevant media</p> <p>9.3 Methodological issues</p> <p>9.4 Current research on ecotoxicological risks of nanoparticles</p> <p>9.5 Future trends</p> <p>9.6 Conclusion</p> <p>9.7 Disclaimer</p> <p>9.8 References</p> <p>10. Metal oxide nanomaterials: health and environmental effects</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>10.1 Introduction</p> <p>10.2 Nano-zinc oxide</p> <p>10.3 Nano-titanium dioxide</p> <p>10.4 Other metal oxides</p> <p>10.5 Conclusion and future trends: metal oxide nanomaterial regulation and risk assessment</p> <p>10.6 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>Websites for general information</p> <p>Government documents</p> <p>Books</p> <p>10.7 References</p> <p>11. Safe recycling of materials containing persistent inorganic and carbon nanoparticles</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>11.1 Introduction</p> <p>11.2 Recycling of engineered nanomaterials applied in suspensions</p> <p>11.3 Recycling of nanocomposites</p> <p>11.4 The range of recycling options</p> <p>11.5 Nanomaterials present in wastes</p> <p>11.6 Release of nanoparticles linked to recycling facilities</p> <p>11.7 Conclusion</p> <p>11.8 References</p> <p>12. Nanostructured flame retardants: performance, toxicity, and environmental impact</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>12.1 Introduction</p> <p>12.2 Fabrication of polymer nanocomposites</p> <p>12.3 Conventional and nanostructured flame retardants</p> <p>12.4 Flame retardant behaviour of polymer nanocomposites</p> <p>12.5 Synergies from combining nanostructured flame retardants</p> <p>12.6 Health and environmental risks of conventional and nanostructured flame retardants</p> <p>12.7 Conclusion and future trends</p> <p>12.8 References</p> <p>13. Thermal degradation, flammability, and potential toxicity of polymer nanocomposites</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>13.1 Introduction</p> <p>13.2 Thermal degradation processes of polymers and nanocomposites</p> <p>13.3 Thermal stability of nanoparticles</p> <p>13.4 Instrumentation and techniques to investigate degradation products of nanocomposites</p> <p>13.5 Fire toxicity of degradation products of nanocomposites and its assessment</p> <p>13.6 Intrinsic toxicity of nanoparticles</p> <p>13.7 Ultrafine particle production during combustion of nanocomposites</p> <p>13.8 Conclusion and future trends</p> <p>13.9 References</p> <p>Index</p>