Ion-Selective Electrodes in Analytical Chemistry

1 Potentiometric Enzyme Methods.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Soluble Enzyme Systems.- 2.1. Substrate Determinations.- 2.2. Enzyme Determinations.- 2.3. Inhibitor Determinations.- 3. Immobilized Enzyme Systems.- 3.1. Methods of Immobilization.- 3.2. Characteristics of Immobilized Enzymes.- 3.3. Analytical Applications with Ion-Selective Electrodes.- 4. Enzyme Electrodes.- 4.1. Urea Electrodes.- 4.2. Amygdalin Electrodes.- 4.3. Glucose Electrodes.- 4.4. Penicillin Electrodes.- 4.5. Amino Acid Electrodes.- 4.6. Nucleotide Electrodes.- 4.7. Uric Acid Electrode.- 4.8. Creatinine Electrode.- 4.9. Acetylcholine Electrodes.- 4.10. d-Gluconate Electrode.- 4.11. Lactate Electrode.- 4.12. Inhibitor Determination.- 4.13. Substrate Electrodes.- 4.14. Current Trends.- 4.15. Applications of Enzyme Electrodes.- 4.16. Theoretical Studies.- 4.17. Response Characteristics.- 5. Bacterial Electrodes.- 5.1. l-Arginine Electrode.- 5.2. l-Aspartate Electrode.- 5.3. l-Glutamine Electrode.- 5.4. l-Cysteine Electrode.- 5.5. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Electrode.- 5.6. Nitrate Electrode.- 5.7. Potentiometric-Based Analysis with Bacterial Cells.- 6. Tissue-Based Electrode.- 7. Future of Potentiometric Enzyme Methods.- References.- 2 Coated Wire Ion-Selective Electrodes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Preparation of Coated Wire Electrodes.- 2.1. Preparation of Electroactive Species.- 2.2. Polymeric Matrix.- 2.3. Use of Plasticizers.- 2.4. Construction of the CWE.- 3. Preconditioning and Storage Procedures.- 4. Calibration of Coated Wire Electrodes.- 5. Determination of Selectivity Ratios.- 6. Mechanism of CWE Behavior.- 7. Applications of Coated Wire Electrodes.- 7.1. Anionic Applications of Anionic CWE’s.- 7.2. Analytical Applications of Cationic Electrodes.- 7.3. Determination of pKa and Other Equilibrium Constants.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Chemically Sensitive Field Effect Transistors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theory of IGFET’s.- 2.1. MIS Structure.- 2.2. Current-Voltage Relationships for the IGFET.- 2.3. CHEMFET.- 3. Practice.- 3.1. CHEMFET Geometry and Encapsulation.- 3.2. Hydrogen-Ion-Sensitive Feld Effect Transistor.- 3.3. isfet’s with Solid State Membranes.- 3.4. isfet’s with Homogeneous Polymeric Membranes.- 3.5. Heterogeneous Membranes.- 3.6. Immunochemically Sensitive Field Effect Transistor.- 3.7. Reference ISFET.- 3.8. Measuring Circuitry.- 4. Conclusions.- Notation.- References.- Supplementary References.- 4 A Compilation of Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode Literature.- Table 1. Highlights in the Development of Membrane Electrodes.- Table 2. Books and Articles on Ion-Selective Electrodes and Closely Related Topics (in Approximately Chronological Order).- Table 3. Reviews of Principles and Applications (in Approximately Chronological Order).- Table 4. Specific Application Reviews for Ion-Selective Electrodes.- Table 5. Properties and Applications of Fluoride-Selective Electrodes.- Table 6. Solid State Halide-Sensing Electrodes.- Table 7. Solid State Cyanide Responses.- Table 8. Solid State, Mainly Sulfide-Sensing, Electrodes.- Table 9. Solid State Electrodes for Divalent Ions and Miscellaneous.- Table 10. Glass Electrodes.- Table 11. Liquid Membrane Electrodes—Cation Sensitive.- Table 11a. Liquid Membrane Electrodes—Anion Sensitive.- Table 12. Neutral-Carrier-Based Electrodes.- Table 13. Gas, Enzyme, and Clinical Electrodes.- Table 14. Classical Synthetic Organic and Inorganic Ion Exchange Membranes.- Table 15. Potentiometry and Ion-Selective Electrode Nomenclature.- References.- “A” (1968–1969).- “B” (1970–1971).- “C” (1972–1973).- “D” (1974–1975).- “E” (1976–1977).- “F”(1978).