Traffic Safety

<p>Acknowledgments xvii</p>
<p>Preface&nbsp; xix</p>
<p>Introduction xxiii<br />George YANNIS and Simon COHEN</p>
<p>Part 1. Road Safety Policy&nbsp; 1</p>
<p>Chapter 1. Analysis of Road Safety Management Systems in Europe&nbsp; 3<br />Nicole MUHLRAD, Gilles VALLET, Ilona BUTLER, Victoria GITELMAN, Etti DOVEH, Emmanuelle DUPONT, Heike MARTENSEN, Pete THOMAS, Rachel TALBOT, Eleonora PAPADIMITRIOU, George YANNIS, Luca PERSIA, Gabriele GIUSTINIANI, Klaus MACHATA and Charlotte BAX</p>
<p>1.1. Introduction&nbsp; 3</p>
<p>1.2. Methodology&nbsp; 4</p>
<p>1.3. Qualitative analyses of road safety management systems in Europe&nbsp; 7</p>
<p>1.4. Quantitative analyses 11</p>
<p>1.5. Conclusion 15</p>
<p>1.6. Key messages and recommendations 15</p>
<p>1.7. Acknowledgments 16</p>
<p>1.8. Bibliography&nbsp; 17</p>
<p>Chapter 2. Conceptualizing Road Safety Management through a Territorialized Complex System: Context and Goals 19<br />Thierry SAINT–G&Eacute;RAND, Mohand MEDJKANE, Abdelkrim BENSAID, Dominique FLEURY, Jean–Fran&ccedil;ois PEYTAVIN, Eliane PROPECK–ZIMMERMANN and Maroua BOUZID</p>
<p>2.1. Introduction&nbsp; 19</p>
<p>2.2. Methodological challenge: integration of different road safety concepts into territorial complex system modeling 20</p>
<p>2.3. A practical example: ZIVAG 27</p>
<p>2.4. Conclusion and followings&nbsp; 30</p>
<p>2.5. Bibliography&nbsp; 32</p>
<p>Chapter 3. Development of the European Road Safety Knowledge System&nbsp; 35<br />George YANNIS, Pete THOMAS, Nicole MUHLRAD, Heike MARTENSEN, Emmanuelle DUPONT, Letty AARTS, Petros EVGENIKOS and Eleonora PAPADIMITRIOU</p>
<p>3.1. Introduction 35</p>
<p>3.2. Data/knowledge collecting and processing 37</p>
<p>3.3. Key road safety analyses and summaries 42</p>
<p>3.4. Conclusion and next steps 48</p>
<p>3.5. Acknowledgments 49</p>
<p>3.6. Bibliography 49</p>
<p>Part 2. Accident Analysis and Modeling 51</p>
<p>Chapter 4. Structural Time Series Modeling of the Number of Fatalities in Poland in Relation to Economic Factors 53<br />Ruth BERGEL–HAYAT and Joanna ZUKOWSKA</p>
<p>4.1. Introduction&nbsp; 53</p>
<p>4.2. Current state of knowledge&nbsp; 56</p>
<p>4.3. Methodology&nbsp; 57</p>
<p>4.4. The data 58</p>
<p>4.5. Results 65</p>
<p>4.6. Discussion 66</p>
<p>4.7. Conclusion and outlook&nbsp; 66</p>
<p>4.8. Bibliography 67</p>
<p>Chapter 5. Risk of Road Traffic Injuries for Pedestrians, Cyclists, Car Occupants and Powered Two–Wheel Users, based on a Road Trauma Registry and Travel Surveys, Rh&ocirc;ne, France 69<br />St&eacute;phanie BLAIZOT, Francis PAPON, Mohamed MOULOUD HADDAK and Emmanuelle AMOROS</p>
<p>5.1. Introduction&nbsp; 69</p>
<p>5.2. Material and methods 70</p>
<p>5.3. Results and interpretation 73</p>
<p>5.4. Discussion and conclusions 81</p>
<p>5.5. Acknowledgments 83</p>
<p>5.6. Bibliography&nbsp; 83</p>
<p>Chapter 6. Development of Safety Performance Functions for Two–Lane Rural First–Class Main Roads in Hungary 87<br />Attila BORSOS, John N. IVAN and Gyula OROSZ</p>
<p>6.1. Introduction 87</p>
<p>6.2. Literature review 88</p>
<p>6.3. General overview of first–class main roads 89</p>
<p>6.4. Data collection and segmentation 91</p>
<p>6.5. Modeling 92</p>
<p>6.6. Discussion and conclusions&nbsp; 98</p>
<p>6.7. Acknowledgments 99</p>
<p>6.8. Bibliography 99</p>
<p>Part 3. Vulnerable Road Users Safety&nbsp; 101</p>
<p>Chapter 7. Mobility and Safety of Powered Two–Wheelers in OECD Countries 103<br />Pierre VAN ELSLANDE, Veronique FEYPELL–DE LA BEAUMELLE, James HOLGATE, Kris REDANT, H&eacute;l&egrave;ne DE SOL&Egrave;RE, Dimitris MARGARITIS, George YANNIS, Eleonora PAPADIMITRIOU, Saskia DE CRAEN, Lars INGE HASLIE, Juan MUGUIRO and Per–Olov GRUMMAS GRANSTR&Ouml;M</p>
<p>7.1. Introduction&nbsp; 103</p>
<p>7.2. Mobility and safety figures of PTWs 105</p>
<p>7.3. Contributory factors of PTW crashes 108</p>
<p>7.4. Toward an integrated road safety strategy for PTW 109</p>
<p>7.5. Measures for PTW safety improvement 111</p>
<p>7.6. Key messages and recommendations 113</p>
<p>7.7. Bibliography 115</p>
<p>Chapter 8. Comparison of Car Drivers and Motorcyclists Drink Driving in 19 Countries: Results from the SARTRE 4 Survey 119<br />Julien CESTAC, C&eacute;cile BARBIER, Gian–Marco SARDI, Richard FREEMAN, Sami KRA&Iuml;EM and Jean–Pascal ASSAILLY</p>
<p>8.1. Introduction&nbsp; 119</p>
<p>8.2. Method 120</p>
<p>8.3. Results 122</p>
<p>8.4. Discussion 126</p>
<p>8.5. Acknowledgments 127</p>
<p>8.6. Bibliography&nbsp; 128</p>
<p>Chapter 9. Trajectories of Multiple People in Crowds Using Laser Range Scanner 131<br />Ladji ADIAVIAKOYE, Patrick PLAINCHAULT, Marc BOURCERIE and Jean–Michel AUBERLET</p>
<p>9.1. Introduction&nbsp; 131</p>
<p>9.2. Approach&nbsp; 132</p>
<p>9.3. Detection 137</p>
<p>9.4. Multiple tracking 139</p>
<p>9.5. Experimental results 140</p>
<p>9.6. Conclusions 142</p>
<p>9.7. Bibliography 142</p>
<p>Chapter 10. Safety of Urban Cycling: A Study on Perceived and Actual Dangers 145<br />Anita GRASER, Michael ALEKSA, Markus STRAUB, Peter SALEH, Stephan WITTMANN and Gernot LENZ</p>
<p>10.1. State of urban cycling 145</p>
<p>10.2. Perceived safety of urban cycling 148</p>
<p>10.3. The Austrian accident database 151</p>
<p>10.4. Comparison of perceived safety and recorded accidents 153</p>
<p>10.5. Conclusion and outlook 157</p>
<p>10.6. Acknowledgments 158</p>
<p>10.7. Bibliography 158</p>
<p>Part 4. Road Infrastructure Safety 161</p>
<p>Chapter 11. Speed Distribution and Traffic Safety Measures&nbsp; 163<br />Anna VADEBY and &Aring;sa FORSMAN</p>
<p>11.1. Introduction and aim of the study 163</p>
<p>11.2. Method 165</p>
<p>11.3. Results 167</p>
<p>11.4. Discussion 173</p>
<p>11.5. Acknowledgments 175</p>
<p>11.6. Bibliography 175</p>
<p>Chapter 12. Ex–ante Assessment of a Speed Limit Reducing Operation A Data–driven Approach 177<br />Maurice ARON, R&eacute;gine SEIDOWSKY and Simon COHEN</p>
<p>12.1. Introduction&nbsp; 177</p>
<p>12.2. Method for predicting the injury or fatality accident count 178</p>
<p>12.3. The part of the ALLEGRO motorway network concerned with speed limit reduction 183</p>
<p>12.4. Ex–ante assessment results of the speed decrease in the ALLEGRO motorway network 184</p>
<p>12.5. The threefold validation of the approach&nbsp; 190</p>
<p>12.6. Conclusions 192</p>
<p>12.7. Appendix: relationships between injury accidents and traffic conditions estimated from the Marius network 193</p>
<p>12.8. Bibliography 197</p>
<p>Chapter 13. Development of a Guideline for the Selection of Vehicle Restraint Systems Identification of the Key Selection Parameters 199<br />Francesca La TORRE, Ceki ERGINBAS, Robert THOMSON, Giuseppina AMATO, Bine PENGAL, Peter SALEH, Chris BRITTON and Kris REDANT</p>
<p>13.1. Introduction&nbsp; 199</p>
<p>13.2. Objectives of the first work package of the SAVeRS project 201</p>
<p>13.3. Collation and examination of national guidelines and standards 201</p>
<p>13.4. Collation and examination of published literature 204</p>
<p>13.5. Conclusions&nbsp; 211</p>
<p>13.6. Acknowledgments&nbsp; 212</p>
<p>13.7. Follow–up 212</p>
<p>13.8. Bibliography 213</p>
<p>Chapter 14. For the Vision of Zero Accidents at Intersections : A Challenge between Road Safety and Capacity 217<br />Jean Emmanuel BAKABA and J&ouml;rg ORTLEPP</p>
<p>14.1. Introduction 217</p>
<p>14.2. Traffic turning left at signal–controlled intersections 218</p>
<p>14.3. Recommendations 230</p>
<p>14.4. Conclusion 231</p>
<p>14.5. Bibliography 232</p>
<p>Chapter 15. Safety Inspection and Management of the Road Network in Operation 233<br />Salvatore CAFISO, Alessandro DI GRAZIANO, Grazia LA CAVA and Giuseppina PAPPALARDO</p>
<p>15.1. Introduction 233</p>
<p>15.2. Road safety inspection tools in Europe 235</p>
<p>15.3. Design of new software tools for road inspection 239</p>
<p>15.4. Case study 246</p>
<p>15.5. Conclusion 248</p>
<p>15.6. Bibliography 248</p>
<p>Part 5. ITS and Safety 251</p>
<p>Chapter 16. Improving Safety and Mobility of Vulnerable Road Users Through ITS Applications 253<br />Johan SCHOLLIERS, Daniel BELL, Andrew MORRIS, Alejandra Beatriz GARC&Iacute;A MEL&Eacute;NDEZ and Oscar Martin PEREZ</p>
<p>16.1. Introduction 253</p>
<p>16.2. Methodology 254</p>
<p>16.3. Accident data analysis and identification of critical scenarios 256</p>
<p>16.4. User needs analysis 258</p>
<p>16.5. ITS applications for the critical scenarios and user needs 260</p>
<p>16.6. Results 260</p>
<p>16.7. Conclusions&nbsp; 265</p>
<p>16.8. Acknowledgments 268</p>
<p>16.9. Bibliography 268</p>
<p>Chapter 17. Experimentation with the PRESERVE VSS and the <a href="mailto:Score@F">Score@F System 271<br />Rim MOALLA, Brigitte LONC, Gerard SEGARRA, Marcello LAGUNA, Panagiotis PAPADIMITRATOS, Jonathan PETIT and Houda LABIOD</p>
<p>17.1. Introduction 271</p>
<p>17.2. Test methodology 273</p>
<p>17.3. Performance indicators 274</p>
<p>17.4. Test environment 274</p>
<p>17.5. Test case description 278</p>
<p>17.6. Test results&nbsp; 281</p>
<p>17.7. Conclusion&nbsp; 281</p>
<p>17.8. Acknowledgments 282</p>
<p>17.9. Bibliography 282</p>
<p>Chapter 18. Safety Bus Routing for the Transportation of Pupils to School 283<br />Eleni CHALKIA, Josep Maria SALANOVA GRAU, Evangelos BEKIARIS, Georgia AYFANDOPOULOU, Chiara FERARINI and Evangelos MITSAKIS</p>
<p>18.1. Introduction 283</p>
<p>18.2. The school bus routing problem 284</p>
<p>18.3. Methodology for solving the SBRP in SAFEWAY2SCHOOL 285</p>
<p>18.4. Application to Thessaloniki 294</p>
<p>18.5. Conclusions&nbsp; 297</p>
<p>18.6. Acknowledgments&nbsp; 298</p>
<p>18.7. Bibliography 298</p>
<p>Chapter 19. Spreading Awareness of Traffic Safety through Web Application 301<br />Miha AMBRO , Jernej KORIN EK and Ivan PREBIL</p>
<p>19.1. Introduction 301</p>
<p>19.2. Current state of traffic accident data in Slovenia 302</p>
<p>19.3. Identification of conflict points 307</p>
<p>19.4. Application structure 308</p>
<p>19.5. Use of the web application 312</p>
<p>19.6. Conclusion 315</p>
<p>19.7. Acknowledgments 316</p>
<p>19.8. Bibliography 316</p>
<p>Part 6. Railway Safety 317</p>
<p>Chapter 20. Overview of Freight Train Derailments in the EU: Causes, Impacts, Prevention and Mitigation Measures 319<br />Cristian ULIANOV, Fran&ccedil;ois DEFOSSEZ, Gordana VASI FRANKLIN and Mark ROBINSON</p>
<p>20.1. Introduction 319</p>
<p>20.2. Research methodology 320</p>
<p>20.3. Results and discussion 322</p>
<p>20.4. Conclusions and recommendations 334</p>
<p>20.5. Acknowledgment 335</p>
<p>20.6. Bibliography 335</p>
<p>Chapter 21. A Risk Assessment Tool for Public Transportation 337<br />Andrea SOEHNCHEN and Mihai BARCANESCU</p>
<p>21.1. Security a growing concern for Public Transport operators 337</p>
<p>21.2. The risk assessment procedure 338</p>
<p>21.3. Conclusions&nbsp; 345</p>
<p>21.4. Acknowledgments&nbsp; 346</p>
<p>21.5. Bibliography 346</p>
<p>Chapter 22. The GETAWAY Project Improving Passenger Evacuation Techniques in Railway Stations (and Other Transport Hubs) 347<br />Paul BRYANT and Christos GIACHRITSIS</p>
<p>22.1. Introduction&nbsp; 347</p>
<p>22.2. External factors&nbsp; 349</p>
<p>22.3. Objectives of the GETAWAY project 350</p>
<p>22.4. The GETAWAY system concept 351</p>
<p>22.5. The GETAWAY–IADSS development 354</p>
<p>22.6. The Active Dynamic Signage System (ADSS) 355</p>
<p>22.7. Fire Detection System (FDS) development 356</p>
<p>22.8. CCTV Analysis Engine (CAE) 357</p>
<p>22.9. Decision Engine (DE) and Evacuation Simulation Engine (ESE) 357</p>
<p>22.10. The level of IADSS application 358</p>
<p>22.11. Evaluation of the GETAWAY system 359</p>
<p>22.12. Conclusion 363</p>
<p>22.13. Acknowledgments 364</p>
<p>22.14. Bibliography 364</p>
<p>Chapter 23. Interpretive Structural Modeling of Security Systems for Better Security Management in Railways 367<br />Anoop SRIVASTAVA, Sanjeev SWAMI and Devender BANWET</p>
<p>23.1. Introduction 367</p>
<p>23.2. Complexity of railway systems 368</p>
<p>23.3. Nominal Group Technique (NGT) 369</p>
<p>23.4. Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) 370</p>
<p>23.5. Policy implications 376</p>
<p>23.6. Conclusions and avenues for future research 376</p>
<p>23.7. Acknowledgments&nbsp; 377</p>
<p>23.8. Bibliography 377</p>
<p>List of Authors 379</p>
<p>Index 387</p>