Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Surgery, Dentistry, and Veterinary Medicine

1. History of development of botulinum toxin therapy in medical and surgical fields.- 2. Molecular structure and mechanisms of action of botulinum toxins as it pertains to clinical symptoms.- 3. Types of toxins in commercial use, their similarities and differences.- 4. A review of current Botulinum toxin treatment indications in medical field. - 5. Mechanisms of Analgesic effects of botulinum neurotoxins.- 6. Botulinum toxin treatment in Head and neck surgery.- 7. Botulinum toxin treatment of thoracic and abdominal surgery.- 8. Botulinum Toxin A in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction.- 9. Use of Botulinum toxin A in post-mastectomy breast reconstruction.- 10. Botulinum Toxins for Treatment of Pain in Orthopedic Disorders.- 11. Botulinum toxin for pediatric patients, Who? For what? When?.- 12. Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Plastic Surgery.- 13. Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic surgery.- 14. Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Gastrointestinal Disorders.- 15. Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Urological Disorders.- 16. Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Dentistry.- 17. Botulinum toxin treatment in Veterinary Medicine - Clinical implications.- 18. Future Perspectives of Botulinum Toxin Application In Dentistry.<br>