Toroidal Metamaterials

<p>1. Introduction and Overview </p>

<p>1.1. The History of Light and Matter&nbsp; </p>

<p>1.2. The History of Light-Matter Interactions </p>

<p>1.3. The Discovery and Properties of Artificial Media </p>

<p>References </p>

<p>2. Classical Electromagnetics </p>

<p>2.1. Fundamental Principles of Static Electromagnetics </p>

<p>2.1.1. Coulomb’s and Gauss’s Laws </p>

<p>2.1.2. Biot-Savart and Ampère’s Laws </p>

<p>2.1.3. The Lorentz Force </p>

<p>2.2. Equations for Static Fields </p>

<p>2.3. Fundamental Principles of Dynamic Electromagnetics </p>

<p>2.3.1. Maxwell’s Equations in Vacuum </p>

<p>2.3.2. Maxwell’s Equations in Macroscopic Media </p>

<p>2.4. The Electric Dipole </p>

<p>2.4.1. Multipole Expansion and Electric Multipoles </p>

<p>2.4.2. The Dipole and Quadrupole Potentials </p>

<p>2.5. Magnetic Multipoles </p>

<p>2.6. Unconventional Multipoles </p>

2.6.1. Static Toroidal Multipoles <p></p>

<p>2.6.2. Dynamic Toroidal Multipoles </p>

<p>2.6.3. Dynamic Anapoles </p>

<p>References </p>

<p>3. Expansion of Electromagnetic Multipoles </p>

<p>3.1. Debye Potentials </p>

<p>3.2. Electromagnetic Radiations of Toroidal Solenoids </p>

<p>3.2.1. The Multipole Decomposition </p>

<p>3.2.2. The Dynamic Toroidal Multipoles </p>

<p>3.2.3. The Long Wavelength Regime </p>

<p>3.2.4. The Magnetostatic Regime </p>

<p>3.2.5. The Point Source Regime </p>

<p>References </p>

<p>4. Physical Mechanism Behind the Toroidal Multipoles </p>

<p>4.1. Defining the Problem </p>

<p>4.1.1. Potentials and Fields of a General Source </p>

<p>4.1.2. Fields at Far Distances </p>

<p>4.2. Radiation Intensity </p>

<p>4.3. Angular Momentum Loss. </p>

<p>4.4. Recoil Force </p>

<p>4.5. The Connection between Cartesian and Spherical Components of the First Multipoles </p>

<p>References </p>

<p>5. Toroidal Excitations in Metamaterials </p>

<p>5.1. Toroidal Excitations in 3D Artificial Media </p>

<p>5.2. Toroidal Multipoles in Planar Artificial Media </p>

<p>References </p>

<p>6. Toroidal Metadevices </p>

<p>6.1. Photodetection: Enhancing the Responsivity Performance </p>

<p>6.2. Nonlinear Lasing: Deep Ultraviolet Source </p>

<p>6.3. Immunosensors: Beyond Conventional Detection Limits </p>

<p>6.4. Plexciton Dynamics: Intensifying Ultrastrong Coupling </p>

<p>References</p>