Wastewater Management for Coastal Cities

1 Overview.- 2 Oceanography at the Margin.- 2.1 The Physical, Geological, and Chemical Framework.- 2.2 The Living Sea.- 2.3 Special Topics.- 2.4 References.- 3 Ecological Design.- 3.1 Public Health.- 3.2 Design for Marine Ecosystems.- 3.3 Ocean Dumping.- 3.4 References.- 4 Hydraulic Design.- 4.1 Concepts and Definitions.- 4.2 Qualitative Descriptions of Receiving Waters.- 4.3 Methods of Analysis for Outfall Siting.- 4.4 Equations for Estimating Turbulent Diffusion.- 4.5 Comparisons of Results.- 4.6 Outfall and Outlet Location.- 4.7 Outlet Design and Initial Dilution.- 4.8 Other Hydraulic Design Considerations.- 4.9 Appendix. A note on Post-Audits.- 4.10 References.- 5 Construction Materials.- 5.1 Pipe Materials.- 5.2 Recommended Reading.- 6 On-Bottom Stability.- 6.1 Forces.- 6.2 Vertical Stability of Unburied Pipelines.- 6.3 Vertical Stability of Buried Pipelines.- 6.4 Lateral Stability of Unburied Pipelines.- 6.4.1 Density Anchors.- 6.4.2 Mechanical Anchors.- 6.5 Lateral Stability of Buried Pipelines.- 6.6 References.- 7 Stress Analysis.- 7.1 Identifying and Analyzing Stress.- 7.2 References.- 8 Corrosion Control.- 8.1 Corrosion Protection for Steel in Seawater.- 9 Ocean Outfall Construction.- 9.1 Practical Limits to Current Construction Practices.- 9.2 Construction Methods.- 9.3 Trenching and Backfilling.- 9.4 Shore Approach.- 9.5 Tunneling.- 9.6 Construction Monitoring and Inspection.- 9.7 References.- 10 Monitoring.- 10.1 A Framework for Sustainable Monitoring.- 10.2 Some Performance Monitoring Principles.- 10.2.1 Equilibrium Response Times and Monitoring Design.- 10.3 Hydraulic and Structural Monitoring.- 10.4 Discharge Monitoring.- 10.5 Ecological Monitoring.- 10.6 The Infaunal Trophic Index.- 10.7 Recovery of Damaged Ecosystems.- 10.8 Post-Audits.- 10.9 Regulatory and Zero-Discharge Models.- 10.10 Appendix. Power Spectrum Analysis.- 10.11 References.- 11 Case Studies.- 11.1 Scope of Case Studies.- 11.2 The Yangtze Estuary: The Second Shanghai Sewerage Project.- 11.3 The Thames Estuary.- 11.5 Boston Harbor.- 11.6 Southern California Bight.- 11.6.1 Ocean Disposal of Southern California Wastewaters.- 11.6.2 Recovery of Damaged Ecosystems.- 11.6.3 References.- 12 Cost and Sustainability Factors.- 12.1 What Costs? What Benefits? Who Pays?.- 12.2 Costs of Ocean Outfalls.- 12.3 Estimating Marginal Costs and Benefits.- 12.4 Principles of Comparative Costing.- 12.5 Sustainable Water and Sanitation Management.- 12.5 References.- 13 Index.