Foreword by Vassilios Skouris, President of the Court of Justice
of the European Union
Editors’ Preface
List of Contributors
Part I – Commentary on the Articles of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
Article 1 – Human Dignity
Catherine Dupré
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 1
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A. Article 1 and the Scope of EU Law
B. Interrelationship of Article 1 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 1
I. ECHR
II. Council of Europe Treaties
III. UN Treaties
IV. Relevant EU Law
V. Other Sources: National Constitutions
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 2 – Right to Life
Elizabeth Wicks
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 2
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 2
B. Interrelationship of Article 2 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 2 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 3 – Right to the Integrity of the Person
Sabine Michalowski
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 3
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A. Field of Application of Article 3
B. Interrelationship of Article 3 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 3 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 4 – Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Manfred Nowak and Anne Charbord
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 4
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A. Field of Application of Article 4
B. Interrelationship of Article 4 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 4 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 5 – Prohibition of Slavery and Forced Labour
Heli Askola
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 5
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A. Field of Application of Article 5
B. Interrelationship of Article 5 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Rights under Article 5
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
Article 6 – Right to Liberty and Security
Daniel Wilsher
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 6
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A. Field of Application of Article 6
B. Interrelationship of Article 6 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 6 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
IV. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 7 – Respect for Private and Family Life (Private Life, Home
and Communications)
Jens Vested-Hansen
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 7
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A. Field of Application of Article 7
(Private Life, Home and Communications)
B. Interrelationship of Article 7 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 7 Rights
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 7 – Right to Respect for Private and Family Life
(Family Life Aspects)
Shazia Choudhry
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 7
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 7
I. Gender Equality
II. Children’s Rights
III. Free Movement, Immigration and Asylum
B. Interrelationship of Article 7 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 7 Rights
I. ECHR
II. Council of Europe Treaties
III. UN Treaties
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 8 – Protection of Personal Data
Herke Kranenborg
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 8
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A. Field of Application of Article 8
I. EU Competence on Data Protection before the Entry into Force of the Lisbon Treaty
II. EU Competence on Data Protection after the Entry into Force of the Lisbon Treaty
III. The Scope of Application of Secondary Legislation
B. Interrelationship of Article 8 with Other Provisions of the Charter
I. Article 7 (Right to Respect for Private and Family Life)
II. Article 11 (Freedom of Expression and Information)
III. Article 17 (Right to Property) and Article 47 (Right to an Effective Remedy and to a Fair Trial)
IV. Article 21 (Prohibition of Discrimination)
V. Article 42 (Right of Access to Documents)
C. Sources of Article 8
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
IV. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 9 – Right to Marry and Right to Found a Family
Shazia Choudhry
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 9
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 9
B. Interrelationship of Article 9 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 9 Rights
I. ECHR
II. Council of Europe Treaties
III. UN Treaties
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 10 – Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion
Ronan McCrea
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 10
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A. Field of Application of Article 10
B. Interrelationship of Article 10 with Other Provisions of the Charter
I. Religious Freedom and Free Expression
II. Discrimination on Grounds of Religion
C. Sources of Article 10 Rights
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
F. Conclusion
Article 11 – Freedom of Expression and Information
Lorna Woods
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 11
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A. Field of Application of Article 11
B. Interrelationship of Article 11 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 11 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
IV. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limits and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 12 – Freedom of Assembly and of Association
Article 12(1)
Filip Dorssemont
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 12(1)
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 12(1)
B. Interrelationship of Article 12(1) with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 12(1) Rights
I. Council of Europe Treaties
II. UN Treaties
III. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Limitations and Derogations
IV. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 12(2)
Jo Shaw and Lamin Khadar
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 12(2)
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A. Field of Application of Article 12(2)
B. Interrelationship of Article 12(2) with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 12(2) Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Detailed Analysis
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 13 – Freedom of the Arts and Sciences
Debbie Sayers
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 13
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 13
B. Interrelationship of Article 13 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 13 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
IV. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 14 – Right to Education
Gisella Gori
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 14
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 14
B. Interrelationship of Article 14 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 14 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
IV. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 15 – Freedom to Choose an Occupation
and Right to Engage in Work
Diamond Ashiagbor
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 15
Select Bibliography
A. Article 15 and the Scope of EU Law
B. Interrelationship of Article 15 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 15 Rights
I. European Social Charter
II. UN Treaties
III. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 16 – Freedom to Conduct a Business
Michele Everson and Rui Correia Gonçalves
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 16
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A. Field of Application
I. Freedom to Conduct a Business as a Human Right
II. Freedom to Conduct a Business as an Element
of the European Economic Constitution
B. Relation of Article 16 to Articles 15 and 17 of the Charter
C. Sources of Law
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application of Article 16
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitation to and Derogations from the Application of Article 16
V. Remedies
E. Conclusion
Article 17 – Right to Property
Article 17(1)
Ferdinand Wollenschläger
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 17(1)
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A. Field of Application of Article 17(1)
B. Interrelationship of Article 17(1) with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 17(1) Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Limitations and Derogations
IV. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 17(2)
Paul Torremans
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 17(2)
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A. Field of Application of Article 17(2)
B. Interrelationship of Article 17(2) with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 17(2) Rights
I. The Human Rights Approach to Copyright in International Instruments
II. The Human Rights Approach to Other Intellectual Property Rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
III. ECHR
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 18 – Right to Asylum
Maarten den Heijer
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 18
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 18
B. Interrelationship of Article 18 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 18 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
IV. Constitutional Traditions
V. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Limitations and Derogations
IV. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 19 – Protection in the Event of Removal, Expulsion or Extradition
Elspeth Guild
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 19
Select Bibliography
A. Article 19 and the Scope of EU Law
B. Interrelationship of Article 19 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 19 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
IV. Other Treaties
V. Relevant EU law
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 20 – Equality before the Law
Mark Bell
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 20
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A. Field of Application of Article 20
B. Interrelationship of Article 20 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 20 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
IV. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 21 – Non-Discrimination
Claire Kilpatrick
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 21
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 21
B. Interrelationship of Article 21 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 21 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 22 – Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Diversity
Rachael Craufurd Smith
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 22
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A. Field of Application of Article 22
B. Interrelationship of Article 22 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 22 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
IV. Other
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 23 – Equality between Women and Men
Dagmar Schiek
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 23
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 23
B. Interrelationship of Article 23 with Other Provisions of the Charter
I. Article 23 and Articles 20, 21 CFREU
II. Article 23 and Other Charter Articles
C. Sources for Article 23 Rights
I. Council of Europe Treaties
II. UN Treaties
III. EU Law
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Paragraph 1
III. Paragraph 2
E. Evaluation
I. Opportunities
II. Shortcomings
III. Conclusion
Article 24 – The Rights of the Child
Ruth Lamont
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 24
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A. Field of Application of Article 24
B. Interrelationship of Article 24 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 24 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 25 – The Rights of the Elderly
Colm O’Cinneide
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 25
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 25
B. Interrelationship of Article 25 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 25 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
IV. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 26 – Integration of Persons with Disabilities
Charlotte O’Brien
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 26
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A. Field of Application of Article 26
B. Interrelationship of Article 26 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 26 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
IV. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 27 – Workers’ Right to Information and Consultation within the Undertaking
Filip Dorssemont
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 27
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 27
B. Interrelationship of Article 27 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 27 Rights
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 28 – Right of Collective Bargaining and Action
Catherine Barnard
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 28
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 28 CFREU
B. Interrelationship of Article 28 with Other Provisions of the Charter
I. Other Provisions in the Charter
II. Protocol 30
C. Sources of Article 28 Rights
I. Right to Bargain Collectively
II. Right to Take Collective Action
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application: Definition of Terms
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 29 – Right of Access to Placement Services
Diamond Ashiagbor
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 29
Select Bibliography
A. Article 29 and the Scope of EU Law
B. Interrelationship of Article 29 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 29 Rights
I. Council of Europe: European Social Charter
II. UN Treaties
III. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 30 – Protection in the Event of Unjustified Dismissal
Jeff Kenner
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 30
Select Bibliography
A. Article 30 and the Scope of EU Law
B. Interrelationship of Article 30 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 30 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. ILO
IV. Council of Europe Treaties
V. National Constitutional Laws
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 31 – Fair and Just Working Conditions
Alan Bogg
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 31
Select Bibliography
A. Article 31 and the Scope of EU Law
B. Interrelationship of Article 31 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 31 Rights
I. Council of Europe Treaties
II. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 32 – Prohibition of Child Labour and Protection of Young People at Work
Helen Stalford
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 32
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 32
B. Interrelationship of Article 32 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 32 Rights
I. UN Treaties
II. Council of Europe Treaties
III. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 33 – Family and Professional Life
Cathryn Costello
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 33
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 33
B. Interrelationship of Article 33 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 33 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Sources—The European Social Charter and Revised European Social Charter
IV. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions and Issues
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 34 – Social Security and Social Assistance
Robin White
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 34
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 34
B. Interrelationship of Article 34 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 34 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
IV. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 35 – The Right to Health Care
Tamara Hervey and Jean McHale
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 35
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 35
B. Interrelationship of Article 35 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 35 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
IV. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 36 – Access to Services of General Economic Interest
Erika Szyszczak
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 36
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A. Article 36 and the Scope of EU Law
B. Interrelationship of Article 36 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 36 ‘Rights’ and ‘Principles’
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 37 – Environmental Protection
Elisa Morgera and Gracia Marín Durán
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 37
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 37
B. Interrelationship of Article 37 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 37
I. EU Law
II. National Constitutional Law
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Specific Provisions
III. Legal Nature
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 38 – Consumer Protection
Steve Weatherill
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 38
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 38
B. Interrelationship of Article 38 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 38 Rights
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 39 – Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Elections to the European Parliament
Lamin Khadar and Jo Shaw
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 39
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 39
B. Interrelationship of Article 39 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 39 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
IV. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 40 – Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Municipal Elections
Kees Groenendijk
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 40
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 40
B. Interrelationship of Article 40 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 40 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe
IV. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 41 – Right to Good Administration
Paul Craig
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 41
Select Bibliography
A. Article 41 and the Scope of EU Law
B. Interrelationship of Article 41 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 41 Rights
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 42 – Right of Access to Documents
Deirdre Curtin and Joana Mendes
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 42
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 42
B. Interrelationship of Article 42 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 42 Rights
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 43 – European Ombudsman
Ian Harden
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 43
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 43
B. Interrelationship of Article 43 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 43 Rights
I. UN Treaties
II. Council of Europe Treaties
III. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
I. The Ombudsman Remedy as an Alternative Route to Redress
II. The Ombudsman Remedy as an Instrument of Public Participation
III. Future Trends
Article 44 – Right to Petition
Mats Lindfelt
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 44
Selected Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 44
B. Interrelationship with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 44 Rights
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
I. A Tool for Democratic Control
Article 45 – Freedom of Movement and of Residence
Eleanor Spaventa
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 45
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A. Field of Application of Article 45
B. Interrelationship of Article 45 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 45 Rights
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application—Article 45(1)
III. Right to Move, Right to Enter and Right to Exit
IV. Right to Reside
V. The Right to Move and Claims Against the Member State of Origin
VI. Nature of Charter Rights—and Purely Internal Situations
VII. Article 45(2)
VIII. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 46 – Diplomatic and Consular Protection
Eileen Denza
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 46
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application of Article 46
B. Interrelationship of Article 46 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 46 Rights
I. Commission Proposals and Research
II. National Implementing Measures
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Background—Diplomatic Protection, Protection by Diplomatic
Missions and Consular Protection
III. Scope of the ‘Right’ to Protection
IV. Whether ‘Diplomatic Protection’ in the Formal Sense is Covered
V. Specific Provisions
VI. Limitations
VII. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 47 – Right to an Effective Remedy and to a Fair Trial
Pekka Aalto, Herwig CH Hofmann, Liisa Holopainen, Elina Paunio, Laurent Pech, Debbie Sayers, Dinah Shelton and Angela Ward
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 47
Select Bibliography
A. Field of Application
B. Interrelationship with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 47 Rights
I. An ‘Effective Remedy’
II. A ‘Fair and Public Hearing’
III. ‘Within a Reasonable Time’
IV. ‘By an Independent and Impartial Tribunal Previously Established by Law’
V. Legal Aid for Indigents
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions (Meaning)
IV. Effective Remedies before Member State Courts and the Principle of Non-Discrimination
V. Damages for Breach of the Charter
VI. Effective Judicial Remedies before the Court of Justice
VII. Article 47(2): Everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing
within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law. Everyone shall have the possibility of being advised, defended and represented
VIII. Article 47(2): Everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law. Everyone shall have
the possibility of being advised, defended and represented
IX. Article 47(3): Legal aid shall be made available to those who lack sufficient resources in so far as such aid is necessary to ensure effective access to justice
E. Evaluation
Article 48 – Presumption of Innocence and Right of Defence
(Administrative Law)
Hanns Peter Nehl
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 48
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I. ARTICLE 48(1)—PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE
A. Field of Application of Article 48(1)
B. Interrelationship of Article 48(1) with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Rights under Article 48(1)
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions: Substantive Content of Article 48(1)
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
II. ARTICLE 48(2)—RIGHTS OF THE DEFENCE
A. Field of Application of Article 48(2)
B. Interrelationship of Article 48(2) with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Rights under Article 48(2)
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions: Substantive Content of Article 48(2)
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 48 – Presumption of Innocence and Right
of Defence (Criminal Law)
Debbie Sayers
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 48
Select Bibliography
I. ARTICLE 48(1)—PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE
A. Field of Application of Article 48(1)
B. Interrelationship of Article 48(1) with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Rights under Article 48(1)
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
IV. Other Sources
II. ARTICLE 48(2)—RIGHTS OF THE DEFENCE
A. Field of Application of Article 48(2)
B. Interrelationship of Article 48(2) with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Rights under Article 48(2)
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions: Substantive Content of Article 48
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 49 – Principles of Legality and Proportionality
of Criminal Offences and Penalties
Valsamis Mitsilegas
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 49
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A. Field of Application of Article 49
B. Interrelationship of Article 49 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Rights under Article 49
I. UN Sources
II. ECHR
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Legality
III. Proportionality
E. Evaluation
Article 50 – Right not to be Tried or Punished Twice in Criminal
Proceedings for the same Criminal Offence
Jonathan Tomkin
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 50
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A. Field of Application of Article 50
I. Criminal Law
II. Administrative Law Proceedings and Sanctions
B. Interrelationship of Article 50 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Rights under Article 50
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limitations and Derogations
V. Remedies
E. Evaluation
Article 51 – Field of Application
Angela Ward
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 51
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A. Field of Application of Article 51
B. Interrelationship of Article 51 with Other Provisions of the Charter
I. Article 51(1)
II. Article 51(2)
C. Sources of Article 51 Rules
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Specific Provisions
E. Evaluation
Article 52 – Scope and Interpretation of Rights and Principles
Steve Peers and Sacha Prechal
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 52
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A. Field of Application of Article 52
B. Interrelationship of Article 52 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 52 Rules
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Specific Provisions
E. Evaluation
Article 53 – Level of Protection
Bruno de Witte
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 53
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A. Sources of Article 53
B. Analysis
I. Relation with the Rest of European Union Law
II. Relation with International Law
III. Relation with National Constitutions
IV. An Exception to the Primacy of EU Law?
V. The Legal Significance of Article 53
C. Conclusion
Article 54 – Abuse of Rights
Lorna Woods
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 54
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A. Article 54 and the Scope of EU Law
B. Interrelationship of Article 54 with Other Provisions of the Charter
C. Sources of Article 54 Rights
I. ECHR
II. UN Treaties
III. Council of Europe Treaties
IV. Other Sources
D. Analysis
I. General Remarks
II. Scope of Application
III. Specific Provisions
IV. Limits and Derogation
E. Evaluation
Part II – Reflections on the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
The Place of the Charter in the EU Constitutional Edifice
Koen Lenaerts and José Antonio Gutiérrez-Fons
A. The Scope of Application of the Charter
I. Wachauf as a Token of Positive Action on the Part of the Member States
II. The Derogation Situation
III. Annibaldi as an Example of the Situations where the Charter does not Apply
B. The Charter and Primary EU Law
I. The Charter and the Treaties
II. The Charter and General Principles of EU Law
C. The Charter and the Common Constitutional Space
I. The Charter and the ECHR
II. The Charter and the Constitutional Traditions Common to the Member States
D. Concluding Remarks
Protocol (No 30) on the Application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union to Poland and the United Kingdom
Anthony Arnull
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A. Introduction
B. The Background to Protocol No 30
C. The Meaning and Effect of Protocol No 30
I. The Preamble
II. Article 1(1) of the Protocol
III. Article 1(2) of the Protocol
IV. Article 2 of the Protocol
D. Evaluation
The EU Fundamental Rights Agency and the Fundamental Rights Charter:
How Fundamental is the Link Between them?
Gabriel N Toggenburg
A. Introduction
B. The FRA: a Glimpse at its Role in the EU’s Institutional Landscape
C. The Agency’s Founding Regulation and its Multiannual Framework: a Case of ‘Charter-blindness’?
D. The Charter in the Agency’s Practice: Legal Benchmark and Tool
E. Instead of Conclusions: a Triptych of Proposals for Making the Link Between the Charter and the Agency even more Fundamental
The Implementation of the Charter by the Institutions of the European Union
Olivier De Schutter
A. Introduction
B. The Integration of the Charter of Fundamental Rights
in the Work of the European Parliament
I. The Parliament’s Role in Monitoring the EU Member States
II. The Parliament as Guardian of Legality
III. The Parliament as Co-legislator
C. The Integration of the Charter of Fundamental Rights by the European Commission
I. Assessment of Compatibility of Legislative Proposals with the Charter
II. Impact Assessments
III. Ensuring the Implementation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights
D. The Integration of the Charter of Fundamental Rights by the Council of the EU
E. The Integration of the Charter of Fundamental Rights in Law- and Policy-making: the Next Steps
The Extraterritorial Application of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights:
From Territoriality to Facticity, the Effectiveness Model
Violeta Moreno-Lax and Cathryn Costello
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A. Introduction
B. Relevant Provisions: The Treaty and the Charter
C. The Place of ‘Jurisdiction’ in the EU Legal Order
I. ‘PIL Jurisdiction’ and EU Law
II. ‘IHRL Jurisdiction’ and EU Law
D. Analysis: The Applicability of EU Fundamental Rights, an Autonomous Paradigm
E. Evaluation: The Emergence of a New Model
The Charter and Universal Human Rights Instruments
Allan Rosas
A. Introduction
B. The Relevance of International Human Rights Instruments for the Development of EU Fundamental Rights
C. Examples from Case Law
D. Human Rights Instruments in EU External Relations
E. The Lisbon Treaty, the Charter and Universal Instruments
F. Conclusions
Fundamental Social Rights in the Charter—Are They Rights? Are They Fundamental?
Niilo Jääskinen
A. Introduction
B. A Short History of EU Fundamental Social Rights
C. Nature and Effects of Fundamental Social Rights
I. Philosophical Foundations of Fundamental Social Rights
II. Effects of Fundamental Social Rights
D. Protection of Fundamental Social Rights in a Multi-level Constitutional Structure
E. From an Exception to the Fundamental
The Explanations Relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
Jean-Paul Jacqué
A. The Origin of the Explanations
I. The First Convention: the Explanations as an Explanatory Report
II. The Second Convention: Moving Towards a Specific Status for the Explanations
B. A Diversified Content
C. The Use of the Explanations in Jurisdiction
I. The Search for the Source of a Guaranteed Right
II. Interpreting the Charter’s Guaranteed Rights and General Provisions
D. Conclusion
Part III – Commentary on the Treaty of EU Accession to the European
Convention on Human Rights
Agreement on the Accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights
Paul Gragl
Text of the Agreement
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A. Background and Overview of EU Accession to the ECHR
I. The Long History of Accession
II. The Constraints of Article 218 TFEU, Article 6(2) TEU, and Protocol No 8 to the Treaties
III. The Relevance of Article 52(3) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights
B. The Substantive Provisions of the Accession Agreement
Article 1— Scope of the Accession and Amendments to Article 59 of the Convention
Article 2—Reservations to the Convention and the Protocols
Article 3—Co-Respondent Mechanism
Article 4—Inter-Party Cases
Article 5— Interpretation of Articles 35 and 55 of the Convention
Article 6—Election of Judges
Article 7— Participation of the European Union in the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe
Article 8— Participation of the European Union in the Expenditure Related to the Convention
Article 9—Relations with other Agreements
Article 10—Signature and Entry into Force
Article 11—Reservations
Article 12—Notifications
C. Appraisal
Appendix
Index
